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Employment Impact Assessment: Pennsylvania confidential | March 2012 Eos: Energy Storage Solutions Provider Providing the utility and transportation industries with safe, reliable, low-cost energy and power storage Mission: Eos Aurora Grid Product: • • • • • • 1MW/6MWH energy storage system for the electric grid (1 MW optimal power for 6 hours, with surge capability) Safe, non-toxic, stable, reliable, low capital and operating cost Battery price for major orders: $1000/kW, $160/kWh 30 year life, 10,000 full cycles* First ever long-life rechargeable zinc-air battery Scaling up battery prototypes (17kW/100 kWh units) for initial manufacturing in 2012 and delivery of MW scale systems to first customers in 2013 Vehicle Product: • 50kW/100kWh dual zinc-air and long-life lead-acid capable of >340 mile range for $12,000 Value Proposition: • Cost competitive with incumbent technology: gas-fired turbines for additional generation capacity and gasoline powered vehicles Customers: • Customer LOIs: >100 MW of product over 5 years • Eos Genesis Program for utility early adopters and strategic auto industry partners * One full cycle includes full charge, discharge and additional frequency regulation over the course of one full day. 2 The Challenge: Adapting to the Future Grid • Energy demand growing — projected to grow globally by 36% from 2010 to 2035, including energy efficiency increases 1 • Aging generating capacity needs to be replaced — by 2025, most coal-fired plants and by 2030, most nuclear plants, will need to be rebuilt or retired 2 • Need for new transmission and distribution — $180B of planned US transmission projects 3 • Infrastructure driven by peak demand — 25% of distribution and 10% of generation and transmission assets (worth multi hundreds B$) used less than 400 hours per year 4 • Growing renewable generation that is intermittent leads to grid instability and—in some cases— curtailment or negative pricing 5 1) IEA, 2010. 2) NERC, 2010. 3) Quanta, 2010. 4) EPRI, 2010. 5) CAISO, 2007. 3 The Solution: Energy Storage Energy Storage Usage Can: • • • • Improve efficiency and profit of existing generating assets Defer costly upgrades to transmission and distribution infrastructure Avoid additional peak generating capacity investments Increase adoption and profitability of renewable energy Electricity is the world’s only supply chain with NO storage 4 Energy Storage Benefits Grid/Utility Benefits End User Benefits • Electricity peak shifting (arbitrage) • Supply of flexible, distributable capacity • Ancillary services • • • • ✴ ✴ ✴ Load following Frequency regulation Voltage support Time of Use (TOU) Energy management (arbitrage) Demand charge reduction Electricity supply reliability improvement (backup) Electricity supply quality improvement • Transmission congestion relief / upgrade deferral • Renewable energy integration support via supply firming and time shift 5 Global Market: $500B BCG: $400B1 Piper Jaffray: $600B2 Worldwide, the energy storage market is forecasted to grow over the next five years at a CAGR of: 40-55%3 Lux Research: $64B/year 4 1) BCG, 2010, estimate 280 Euros. 2) PiperJaffray, “Energy Storage”, February 2009. 3) http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Smart-Grid-Energy-Storage-Market-to-Grow-397Annually-Through-2013-1329898.htm 4) http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=18336 6 Present Value of Energy Storage Application High Capital Cost Limitation US Market Sizes of Different Energy Storage Applications based on the Estimated Present Value of their Benefits EPRI, Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options, 2010. At a Li-ion capital cost in the >$1000/kWh range there are only a few GW of demand 7 Present Value of Energy Storage Application Eos Low Capital Cost Opens Markets US Market Sizes of Different Energy Storage Applications based on the Estimated Present Value of their Benefits EPRI, Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options, 2010. Market opens up for solutions with Eos’ capital cost of $160/kWh 8 Eos Aurora Meets Key Requirements Eos Aurora 1000|6000 Low Capital Cost $1000/kW initial price; $160/kWh Large volume of energy and power 1 MW/6 MWh standard system size (made of 17KW/100KWh building blocks) Long life-cycle Designed for > 10,000 true cycles* and 30 calendar years of operation Quick response time Response time: Immediate Safe to locate in urban load centers Non toxic, environmentally benign and stable Instantly deployable Delivered in a standard ISO 40’ shipping container Low operating and maintenance costs No periodic replacement of components (e.g., membranes, cells, battery packs) required * One full cycle includes full charge, discharge and additional frequency regulation over the course of one full day. 9 Competition • Peak load reduction via energy efficiency and demand response • Capacity additions from gas peaking plants • New transmission and distribution spending • Other energy storage providers 10 Eos Superior to Gas Peaking Plants Eos utility scale energy storage systems can be cheaper than gas peaking plants when compared at realistic operating conditions * Chart Notes: Levelized Cost of Energy included cap. fix, and var. costs. Gas peaking cost estimate from Lazard, 2009, midpoint of est. range. Assump: 150MW facility, Capital cost $1,125/MW, Heat rate 10.5 MMBtu/MWh, Cap. factor 10%, Facility Life 35 years, Construction time 25 months. Eos: 2MW plant, 25% cap. factor (6hrs of energy production), Round-trip efficiency of 75%, Cap. cost for entire system with Eos battery $1.7/watt, O&M costs: $20,000/year for a 2MW/12MWh operating costs, Facility Life 30 years. 11 Current World Electric Energy Storage Capacity Compressed Air Energy Storage 440 MW Sodium-Sulfur Battery 316 MW Pumped Hydro 127,000 MWel Over 99% of total storage capacity Lead-Acid Battery ~35 MW Nickel-Cadmium Battery 27 MW Flywheels <25 MW Lithium-Ion Battery ~20 MW Today’s electricity energy storage is almost exclusively pumped hydro Redox-Flow Battery <3 MW Fraunhofer Institute. EPRI, Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options, 2010. 12 Eos Energy Storage vs. Competitors = Good = Medium = Poor Eos Low capital cost/kWh Large volume of energy storage capacity Long life (high # of life-cycles) Quick response time (milliseconds) Safe (non-toxic, non combustible) Flexible to locate (in cities) Low O&M costs In commercial production 13 GST: Low Energyand andPower Power Eos: LowCost Costper per Unit Unit Energy Eos offers the lowest capital cost solution for energy storage for utility transmission and distribution support 14 Levelized Cost of Peak Energy For renewable integration and load shifting applications, Eos’ levelized energy cost is among the lowest along with pumped hydro and combined cycle gas turbines * Non-Eos data source: EPRI, Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options, 2010. Natural gas fuel cost range: $6.5 -8/MMBtu. Levelized cost of energy includes cap. fix, and var. costs. Gas peaking cost estimate from Lazard, 2009, midpoint of est. range; assumes: 150MW facility, Capital cost $1,125/MW, Heat rate 10.5 MMBtu/MWh, Cap. factor 10%, Facility Life 35 years, Construction time 25 months. Eos: 2MW plant, 25% cap. factor (6hrs of energy production), Roundtrip efficiency of 75%, Cap. cost for entire system with Eos battery $1.7/watt, O&M costs: $20,000/year for a 2MW/12MWh operating costs, Facility Life 30 years. 15 EV Demand: The Context • Demand drivers for hybrid, plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles: Oil price volatility Energy security Climate change 16 EV Demand: The Context • Transportation accounts for 2/3 of US oil consumption The Math (Mbd) US oil consumption: 18.7 (of which vehicles: 10.7) Domestic production: 9 Widespread adoption of EVs could reduce or eliminate US oil import dependence US Transportation Databook, 2011 17 Global EV Battery Opportunity: > $33B/yr. Global vehicle focused energy storage market estimate: • 2016: $16B • 2020: $33B Market elasticity high for low cost (Eos) EVs: Would you buy an EV if it had the same range and price as an ICE vehicle? Lazard Capital Markets, Shrestha, Sanjay, Martin, Sarah and Zhang, Jenny (Lazard Capital Markets), “Alternative Energy & Infrastructure”, March 5, 2010 18 EV Challenges • High battery cost $1,000 to $1,200/kWh sale price to OEM’s today $250/kWh goal from US Advanced Battery Consortium • Driving range too short 40-190 miles today vs goal of 350 miles • Charge time too long 7 hours to charge 24kWh Nissan Leaf • Safety BCG, Batteries for Electric Cars, 2010. http://www.nissanusa.com/leaf-electric-car/faq/list/charging#/leaf-electric-car/faq/list/charging 19 Eos’ Electric Vehicle Strategic Partnerships Potential EV Configurations: Eos Aurora zinc-air battery Eos Vista zinc-air flow battery • • • >300 Mile driving range Same cost as ICE vehicle $0.02/mile fuel cost • • Refuelable in addition to rechargeable Lower cost per kWh "These are magical distances. To buy a car that will cost $20,000 to $25,000 without a subsidy where you can go 350 miles is our goal." - US Energy Secretary, Steven Chu * http://www.bcg.com/documents/file36615.pdf, pg. 5. 20 Other Eos Technologies Under Development Eos Vista Zinc-Air Flow Battery Eos Innovation: • Based on Eos zinc-air technology • Allows decoupling of the power and energy of the battery for more flexible configuration and lower cost per kWh • As battery discharges, the used electrolyte is stored and replaced, and more zinc is added, allowing for battery operation to continue Addressable Markets: • Electric vehicles • Stationary power Status: • Further design development required 21 EVs: Battery Cost vs ICEs Eos Goal: 100-200 $/kWh Morgan Stanley, 2011 22 Gasoline Car vs Li-ion EV vs Eos EV Toyota Camry EV with Li-ion (Nissan Leaf)* EV with Eos Aurora Zinc-Air Battery EV with Eos Vista Flow Battery Capital Cost of Car $25,000 $33,000 $25,000 $25,000 Propulsion System Internal Combustion Engine 24 kwh Li-ion battery 80 kw motor Eos Zinc-Air battery, Eos lead acid battery Eos Zinc-Air Flow battery, Eos lead acid battery Range (miles) 400 75-100 340 400 Refueling Time 3 mins 5-7 hrs with 220-240V charger 6 hours 3 mins .20 .03 .02 .02 179 hp 107 hp 175 hp 175 hp Cost of fuel/mile at $4/gal gas HP (peak) *http://www.nissanusa.com/ev/media/pdf/specs/FeaturesAndSpecs.pdf 23 Innovation: First Ever Rechargeable Long-Life Zinc-Air Battery 1) Started with a safe, robust, well developed technology: Widely used today for hearing aids, medical equipment Electrolyte (ZnCl2): safe, widely used in toothpaste (Triclosan) 2) Innovated to resolve historic challenges that prevented rechargeability 3) Designed product for ease of scale manufacturing at competitive cost Eos energy storage: “low-cost, rugged, long-life, non-toxic and compact design for stationary and mobile applications.” - KEMA Energy Consultants 24 What is a Zinc-Air Battery? • Widely used today for high-energy density, low-cost, single use applications • e.g. hearing aids • • Based on similar chemistry used in standard alkaline AA and AAA batteries (Zn/MnO2) Replaces manganese dioxide (MnO2 ) with thin air electrode, saving space and cost • Air electrode contains carbon and catalysts, which absorb and catalyze oxygen to allow it to react with zinc, eliminating need to contain cathode reactant in battery so most of battery can be filled by zinc anode, saving space Zinc or Metal Air provides highest potential energy density for batteries Energizer, Zinc Air Prismatic Handbook confidential 25 Zinc-Air Advantages • High energy density • Materials are safe, low cost, locally sourced, readily available Zinc: • Cheap: One of the world’s most plentiful and inexpensive metals • Non toxic • Locally available - three of top five zinc producers: US, Canada and Australia Air • Inexpensive to manufacture • Environmentally friendly Vs . Other batteries need to hold a large amount of cathode reactant, equivalent to pulling a trailer full of gasoline oxidizer (air) behind your car. Zinc-air batteries have higher energy density since they— like gasoline engines—use ambient air as a reactant, and therefore don’t need to carry it in the cell, increasing energy density 26 Expert Opinions of Eos “Metal air batteries… have the potential to be lower-power, long-duration energy storage devices…” - SCE, 2011* “Eos has developed a number of improvements for the conventional zinc-air battery to become a viable secondary battery.” - KEMA Energy Consultants • SCE, Rittershausen J and McKonah, Moving Energy Storage from Concept to Reality, 2011. “Metal-air batteries contain high energy metals and literally breathe oxygen from the air, giving them the ability to store extreme amounts of energy.” - US Energy Secretary, Steven Chu “(Eos’) novel nonflow design offers elegant approach to management of prior zinc-air issues.” - Electric Power Research Institute 27 IP Protection • Obtained and applied for multi-layer patent protection on key intellectual property Cell configuration and architecture Cathode design, materials and catalysts Electrolyte and additives System configuration and electrolyte system • Three major patents registered and pending in the US and abroad, and will be applying for at least one more 28 Over 400 MW of Planned Development • Formed JV partnership with Plaza Construction and Fisher Brothers to codevelop 400 MW by 2020 • JV will build energy storage as merchant power plants both in load centers (behind the meter) and directly on the grid confidential 29 Potential Applications for Eos’ Storage Solution Grid/Utility Benefits End User Benefits • Electricity peak shifting (arbitrage) • Supply of flexible, distributable capacity • Ancillary services • • • • ✴ ✴ ✴ Load following Frequency regulation Voltage support • Transmission congestion relief / upgrade deferral • Renewable energy integration support via supply firming and time shift Time of Use (TOU) Energy management (arbitrage) Demand charge reduction Electricity supply reliability improvement (backup) Electricity supply quality improvement a variety of overlapping revenue streams 30 Business Timeline MARKET/TECH 2011 R&D 2012 2013 2014 2015 Q1 Manufacture Prototype Pilot tests Eos Aurora Grid Storage Scale Manuf. • Zn-Air Marketing and Sales JV Pre-Dev. JV Site Prep JV Deployment • Manufacturing commencing in Q1 2013 • Scale manufacturing in 2013 / 2014 • Joint venture (JV) for project development launching in Q4 2011 confidential 31 Eos Energy Storage Investment and Job Creation Immediate • Establishment of corporate headquarters, laboratory and engineering center • Direct jobs: 42 • Average salary: $80,000 • Investment: $10M 2013-2020 • Establishment of three production facilities each with a 300MW/year capacity • Direct jobs: 140/facility = 420 full time positions • Average salary: $45,000 • Investment: $28M/facility = $84M • Indirect job creation: Full time positions: 682 Total Indirect Labor $ Generated: $33,548,745 confidential 32 Development Joint Venture Investment and Job Creation Immediate: • Establishment of corporate headquarters • Direct jobs: 25 • Average salary: $100,000 2013-2020 • Establishment of 400MW of energy storage facilities • Direct jobs: 366 • Average salary: $80,000 • Investment: $1.2 Billion • Indirect job creation: multiplier typical for NJ construction industry confidential 33 Summary • The Eos Aurora will be a safe, reliable, non-toxic, non-combustible, low cost zinc-air energy storage system for the electric grid that can be sold for $1000/kW and $160/kWh, rechargeable over 10,000 cycles (30 years) • Superior value proposition to incumbent technology: gas-fired turbines for additional generation capacity and gasoline engines for transportation • Scaling up battery prototypes (100 kWh units) for initial manufacturing in 2012 and delivery of MW scale systems to first customers in 2013 • Development joint venture with Plaza Construction/Fisher Brothers will focus on developing energy storage as merchant power plants • Over 1500 jobs created with investment of $1.3 Billion 2013-2020 • One full cycle includes full charge, discharge and additional frequency regulation over the course of one full day. 34 www.eosenergystorage.com [email protected]