Transcript Operations Golden Rules

Operations
Golden Rules
This presentation provides an overview of operations golden rules for aviation. It is intended to enhance the reader's understanding, but it shall not supersede the applicable regulations or airline's
operational documentation. Should there be any discrepancy between this presentation and an airline’s AFM /(M)MEL / FCOM / QRH / FCTM, the latter shall prevail at all times.
Introduction
This visual guide for commercial aviation pilots
presents eight basic “operations golden rules”
and seven additional “golden rules” for abnormal
and emergency conditions. Together, these
golden rules provide guidance for both
normal/routine situations and when addressing
unexpected events. The material may be used
for self-study or as part of a formal training
presentation.
2.PQ_01_VIS
What Are Golden Rules?
Principles of safe and efficient flying that help
prevent:

Inadequate situational awareness

Incorrect interaction with automation

Overreliance on automation

Ineffective crew cross-check and mutual
backup
2.PQ_01_VIS
Golden Rules Prevent Safety Problems
Accident Factor
Percentage of Approach and
Landing Events
Inadequate decision making
74%
Omission of action or inappropriate
action
72%
Inadequate CRM practice
(crew coordination, cross-check and
backup)
63%
Insufficient horizontal or
vertical situational awareness
52%
Inadequate or insufficient
understanding of prevailing conditions
48%
Slow or delayed crew action
45%
Flight handling difficulties
45%
Incorrect or incomplete pilot/controller
communication
33%
Interaction with automation
20%
(Source : Flight Safety Foundation – 1998-1999)
2.PQ_01_VIS
Operations Golden Rules
1. Fly, navigate, communicate and manage — in that order
2. Automated aircraft can be flown like any other aircraft
3. One head up at all times
4. Cross-check the accuracy of the FMS with raw data
5. Know your guidance at all times
6. When things do not go as expected, take over
7. Use the correct level of automation for the task
8. Practice task sharing and backup
2.PQ_01_VIS
Fly Navigate Communicate Manage

First priority is to keep the aircraft safely in the
air (Fly)

Next priority is controlling where the aircraft is
going (Navigate)
–
Know where you are at all times
–
Know where you should be
–
Know where the terrain and obstacles are

Then, share goals and intentions (Communicate)

Finally, Manage
–
Applicable procedures
–
Personnel
–
Aircraft systems
2.PQ_01_VIS
Automated Aircraft Can Be Flown
Like Any Other Aircraft
 Automation is designed to assist pilots with flying tasks
– No matter how highly automated, the aircraft can be flown
with the automation turned off
– Revert to basic piloting when you do not understand the
automation or when the automation malfunctions
 When automation does not simplify the piloting task, it
should be turned off
 Practice hand flying even in highly automated aircraft
2.PQ_01_VIS
One Head Up at All Times
 The highly automated cockpit has a tendency to draw
the attention of the crew to the displays and controls
 It is essential to keep one head up and looking outside
at all times
– Maintain discipline
– PNF should make any needed changes to the FMS
– PF should cross-check PNF inputs but only after a formal
transfer of control
2.PQ_01_VIS
Cross-Check the Accuracy of the
FMS With Raw Data
 The FMS is not infallible
 When GPS is not available as a primary means of navigation and in an
area covered by navaids, cross-check the FMS by:
– Entering a tuned VOR-DME in the bearing/distance (BRG/DIST TO) field of
the appropriate FMS page
– Comparing the resulting FMS DIST TO reading with the DME distance
shown on the RMI (or on the ND, as applicable)
– Checking the difference between FMS DIST TO and DME distance against
the criteria applicable for the flight phase (as defined in SOPs)
 If the required FMS accuracy criteria are not achieved, revert from
FMS lateral navigation to a non-FMS lateral AP/FD mode with
reference to navaids raw data
2.PQ_01_VIS
Know Your Guidance at All Times
 The autopilot control panel and FMS CDU are the prime interfaces for
the crew to communicate with aircraft systems
 Humans often make errors when entering data — check all entries to
make sure they are what was intended
– Self-check
– Cross-check
 At all times, both the PF and PNF should be aware of:
– Modes armed or engaged
– Guidance targets set
– Aircraft response in terms of attitude, speed and trajectory
– Mode transitions or reversions
2.PQ_01_VIS
When Things Do Not Go as Expected,
Take Over
 If a deviation in vertical/lateral flight path or selected targets is
discovered and time does not permit safely analyzing and
solving the observed behavior, revert without delay from:
– FMS guidance to non-FMS guidance
or from:
– Non-FMS guidance to hand flying
If you maintain situational awareness,
you will always be ready to take over.
2.PQ_01_VIS
Use the Correct Level of Automation
for the Task
 Modern aircraft give you control of the automation level
 Select the appropriate automation level based on:
– The task to be performed
• Short-term (tactical) task
• Long-term (strategic) task
– The flight phase
– The time pressure
• Normal selection or entry (self-paced by the crew)
• Last-minute changes (dictated by ATC or others)
• Abnormal and emergency conditions
2.PQ_01_VIS
Practice Task Sharing and Mutual Backup
 Practice task sharing
– During all phases of operations
– For normal, abnormal and emergency procedures
 In an emergency, follow this order:
1. Emergency procedure
2. Normal checklist (as applicable)
3. Abnormal procedure(s)
 In an abnormal condition, follow this order:
1. Abnormal procedure
2. Normal checklist (as applicable)
3. Resuming abnormal procedure (as applicable)
2.PQ_01_VIS
Golden Rules for Abnormal and
Emergency Conditions
1. Understand the prevailing condition before acting
2. Assess risks and time pressures
3. Review and evaluate the available options
4. Match the response to the situation
5. Manage workload
6. Create a shared problem model with other crewmembers
7. Apply recommended procedures and other agreed actions
2.PQ_01_VIS
Understand the Prevailing Condition
Before Acting
 Poor decisions and results often come from working on
the wrong problem
 As permitted by circumstances, take the time to analyze
the problem fully before acting
 If you cannot determine the exact cause of a problem:
– Act on the problem symptoms
– Use your airmanship
– Select those actions that are most likely to correct or
stabilize the situation
2.PQ_01_VIS
Assess Risks and Time Pressures
 Identify those situations that are time critical (e.g., fire or
smoke in the cockpit/cabin)
 Try to make more time by:
– Delaying actions that are not time critical
– Requesting clearance from ATC to enter a holding pattern
or to receive delaying vectors, or by executing a goaround (as appropriate)
2.PQ_01_VIS
Review and Evaluate the Available Options
 Select among available alternatives based on all relevant factors
and likely contingencies (What could fail next?)
 Consider:
– Weather conditions
– Crew preparedness
– The type of operation
– Airport proximity
– Crew confidence in, and experience with, the preferred option
– All aspects of the flight until landing and reaching a complete stop
 Include all flight crewmembers, cabin crew, ATC and company
maintenance (as applicable) in the decision making, if possible
2.PQ_01_VIS
Match the Response to the Situation
 There is often no need to rush a response
– Few situations demand instantaneous reactions
– Most require a prompt but not immediate response
– Some may tolerate a longer delay before acting and give
more time for analysis and information gathering
It is essential to match your response to both the severity
of the situation and the extent to which you are
confident in your knowledge of what happened and
what it means for the safety of flight.
2.PQ_01_VIS
Manage Workload
 Don’t be your own worst enemy by creating
unnecessary workload when an unusual situation arises
 Avoid unnecessary tasks that add to workload by
following the priorities of:
Fly-Navigate-Communicate-Manage
 Adhere to the task sharing defined in the FCOM/AOM for
abnormal/emergency conditions to help manage
workload and optimize flight crew resources
2.PQ_01_VIS
Create a Shared Problem Model With
Other Crewmembers
 The crew needs to have a common understanding of:
– Mission objectives
– Prevailing condition(s)
– Planned actions
– Possible contingencies
– Response to contingencies
 Creating a shared problem model permits everyone to
work with the same reference towards common and well
understood objectives
2.PQ_01_VIS
Apply Recommended Procedures and
Other Agreed Actions
 To solve any problem, the actions taken must be executed effectively
 Before acting, understand what you are about to do, including:
– The reasons for the action
– The implications of the action
 If actions are sequential, the result of each action should be checked
before proceeding with the next step
– If the outcome is not as predicted, reassess the entire situation
– This is part of the closed-loop nature of maintaining situational awareness
 Particular care should be taken when an action is irreversible
2.PQ_01_VIS
Summary
Golden rules are:

Basic principles of flying modern commercial aircraft

Part of good airmanship and maintaining situational awareness

Available for normal, abnormal and emergency situations
Following Golden Rules:

Increases safety

Improves efficiency
Learn and practice these golden rules.
Everyone will benefit!
2.PQ_01_VIS
Information for the user:

If the presentation seems to be running slowly, try one or more of the following:
Reduce the resolution for the slide show presentation display.
On the Slide Show menu, click Set Up Show.
Under Performance, in the Slide show resolution box, select 640x480.
Note: Changing resolution may cause the slide image to be slightly shifted. If this happens, either choose
a different resolution or select Use Current Resolution.
Set the color depth to 16 bit for optimal performance. For information on changing the number of colors displayed on
your monitor, see Microsoft Windows Help.
On the Slide Show menu, select Set Up Show. Under Performance, select the Use hardware graphics
acceleration check box. If your computer has this capability, Office PowerPoint 2003 will attempt to use it.
Note: If you notice performance problems with the slide show after you change this setting, turn off the option. Your
computer may not have this capability.

Animations (PowerPoint Ver 2003 required). Download reader from
http://office.microsoft.com/search/redir.aspx?AssetID=XT011683791033&Origin=HH011891411033&CTT=5
Animation performance will be much better with a video card that has Microsoft Direct 3D. (Direct 3D is a component of Microsoft DirectX, which
is a set of advanced multimedia system services built into the Microsoft Windows operating system.) Many video card manufacturers take
advantage of this technology; check with the documentation you received with your computer to find out if Direct 3D is supported.
2.PQ_01_VIS