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REAZIONI DI IDENTIFICAZIONE DI CATIONI DI
INTERESSE FARMACEUTICO E
TOSSICOLOGICO
•Argento
•Alluminio
•Magnesio
•Mercurio
•Ferro
•Litio
•Piombo
•Zinco
•Sodio
•Bismuto
•Manganese
•Potassio
•Rame
•Cobalto
•Ammonio
•Arsenico
•Calcio
•Antimonio
•Bario
1
ARGENTO
n.o. = 0, +1
Metallo nobile, solubile in acidi ossidanti.
SILVER (Eu Ph)
Dissolve about 10 mg of the substance to be examined in 10 ml of water R or use
10 ml of the prescribed solution. Add 0.3 ml of hydrochloric acid R1. A curdled, white
precipitate is formed that dissolves on addition of 3 ml of dilute ammonia R1.
Ag+ + Cl - 
AgCl
AgCl + 2NH3  [Ag(NH3)2] + + Cl[Ag(NH3)2] + + Cl- + 2H+  AgCl + 2NH4+
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
AgNO3
Ag-proteinato (FU), Silver, colloidal, for external use (Eu Ph)
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica: Antisettico
Intossicazione cronica: argirismo
Intossicazione acuta: vomito, dolori addominali, collasso
2
MERCURIO
n.o. = 0, +1 (+Hg-Hg+), +2
Solubile in acidi ossidanti. Liquido (d = 13.6).
MERCURY (Eh Ph)
b) To the prescribed solution add dilute sodium hydroxide solution R until strongly alkaline
(2.2.4). A dense yellow precipitate is formed (mercuric salts).
Hg 2+ + 2OH-  HgO + H2O
Stannoso cloruro
2Hg 2+ + Sn2+ + 2Cl-  Hg2Cl2 + Sn 4+
Hg2Cl2 + Sn2+  2Hg + Sn4+ + 2 ClPotassio ioduro
Hg 2+ + 2I-  HgI2
HgI2 + 2I-  [HgI4]23
Sodio solfuro
Hg 2+ + S 2-  HgS
3 HgS + 2 NO3-+ 12 Cl- + 8 H+ 
3 [HgCl4] 2- + 3 S + 2NO + 4 H2O
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
HgCl2
HgO (FU)
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Elemento stimolatorio. Teratogeno.
Antisettico
Intossicazione cronica: idrargirismo (insonnia, tremori, degenerazione e necrosi
dei tubuli renali e delle mucose)
4
Chelanti nelle intossicazioni da mercurio e piombo
Vie di somministrazione
intramuscolare
orale
orale
5
PIOMBO
n.o. = 0, +2, +4
Solubile in acido nitrico, subisce passivazione in acido cloridrico e solforico.
LEAD (Eu Ph)
a)
Dissolve 0.1 g of the substance to be examined in 1 ml of acetic acid R or use 1 ml of
the prescribed solution. Add 2 ml of potassium chromate solution R. A yellow
precipitate is formed that dissolves on addition of 2 ml of strong sodium hydroxide
solution R.
Pb 2+ + CrO42-  PbCrO4
PbCrO4 + 4OH-  [Pb(OH)4]
2-
+ CrO4 2-
2 PbCrO4 + 2H+  2Pb 2+ + Cr2O7 2- + H2O
b)
Dissolve 50 mg of the substance to be examined in 1 ml of acetic acid R or use 1 ml
of the prescribed solution. Add 10 ml of water R and 0.2 ml of potassium iodide
solution R. A yellow precipitate is formed. Heat to boiling for 1 min to 2 min. The
precipitate dissolves. Allow to cool. The precipitate is re-formed as glistening, yellow
plates.
Pb 2+ + 2I -  PbI2
PbI2 + 2I -  [PbI4]26
Acido cloridrico
Pb 2+ + 2Cl -  PbCl2
sodio solfuro
Pb 2+ + S 2-  PbS
3 PbS + 2 NO3- + 8 H+  3 Pb 2+ + 3 S + 2 NO + 4 H2O
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
Nessuno nella FU XII
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Elemento stimolatorio. Cancerogeno e teratogeno.
Intossicazione cronica: saturnismo
7
BISMUTO
n.o. = 0, +3, +5
Solubile in acidi ossidanti.
BISMUTH (Eu Ph)
a)
To 0.5 g of the substance to be examined add 10 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R or use
10 ml of the prescribed solution. Heat to boiling for 1 min. Cool and filter if necessary.
To 1 ml of the solution obtained add 20 ml of water R. A white or slightly yellow
precipitate is formed which on addition of 0.05 ml to 0.1 ml of sodium sulphide
solution R turns brown.
Bi3+ + Cl- + H2O  BiOCl + 2H+
2 Bi 3+ + 3 S 2-  Bi2S3
b)
To about 45 mg of the substance to be examined add 10 ml of dilute nitric acid R or use
10 ml of the prescribed solution. Boil for 1 min. Allow to cool and filter if necessary. To
5 ml of the solution obtained add 2 ml of a 100 g/l solution of thiourea R. A yellowishorange colour or an orange precipitate is formed.
+3
Bi
NH2
H2N
+2
H2N
C
S
S
H2N
Bi+3
C
NH2
C
S
H2N
8
2 Bi 3+ + 3 S 2-  Bi2S3
Bi2S3 + 2 NO3 - + 8 H+ 
2 Bi3+ + 2 NO + 3 S + 4 H2O
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
Bismuth subcarbonate
Bismuto nitrato basico, Bismuth subnitrate : 4[BiNO3(OH)2].BiO(OH)
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Antisettico. Antiacido e protettivo gastrico.
Intossicazione cronica: effetti simili al saturnismo
9
RAME
n.o. = 0, +1, +2
Solubile in acidi ossidanti.
COPPER SULPHATE, ANHYDROUS
IDENTIFICATION
A.
Add several drops of dilute ammonia R2 to 1 ml of solution S (see Tests). A blue
precipitate is formed. On further addition of dilute ammonia R2 the precipitate
dissolves and a dark blue colour is produced.
B.
Loss on drying (see Tests).
C.
Dilute 1 ml of solution S to 5 ml with water R. The solution gives reaction (a) of
sulphates (2.3.1).
A.
Cu 2+ + 2 OH-  Cu(OH)2
Cu 2+ + 4NH3  [Cu(NH3)4] 2+
Sodio solfuro
Cu 2+ + S 2-  CuS
3 CuS + 2 NO3- + 8 H+  3 Cu 2+ + 3 S + 2 NO + 4 H2O
10
Potassio ferrocianuro
2K+ + Cu 2+ + [Fe(CN)6 ]4-  CuK2 [Fe(CN)6]
rosso bruno
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
CuSO4 (anidro e pentaidrato)
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Oligoelemento essenziale. Stimolatorio. Antisettico, spermicida e astringente. Emetico.
Eu Ph (homoeopathic preparations)
Copper acetate monohydrate for homoeopathic preparations
Copper for homoeopathic preparations
IDENTIFICATION
A. To 2 ml of solution S (see Tests) add 0.5 ml of potassium ferrocyanide solution R. A
reddish-brown precipitate is formed.
B. To 5 ml of solution S add 0.6 ml of ammonia R. A blue precipitate is formed. Add 2 ml
of ammonia R. The precipitate disappears; the solution has an intense blue colour .
TESTS
Solution S. Dissolve 2.0 g in 10 ml of nitric acid R. After nitrous fumes are no longer
evolved, dilute to 60 ml with distilled water R.
11
ARSENICO
n.o. = 0, -3, +3, +5
Solubile in acidi ossidanti.
ARSENIC (Eu Ph)
Heat 5 ml of the prescribed solution on a water-bath with an equal volume of
hypophosphorous reagent R. A brown precipitate is formed.
Reattivo ipofosforoso (Bougault-Engel) in HCl conc
4As 3+ + 3H2PO2 - + 6H2O  4As + 3H2PO4- + 12H+
Sodio solfuro
2As 3+ + 3S 2-
 As2S3 giallo
As2S3 + 3 S 2-  2 AsS3 3-
As2S3 + 6 OH-  AsS3 3- + AsO3 3- + 3 H2O
3 As2S3 + 10 NO3- + 10 H+ + 4 H2O  6 H3AsO4 + 10 NO + 9 S
12
Eu Ph (homoeopathic preparations)
Arsenious trioxide
A. Dissolve 20 mg in 1 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R, add 4 ml of water R and 0.1 ml of
sodium sulphide solution R. The resulting yellow precipitate is soluble in dilute
ammonia R1.
B. Dissolve 20 mg in 1 ml of hydrochloric acid R1, add 5 ml of hypophosphorous
reagent R and heat for 15 min on a water-bath. A black precipitate develops.
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
As2O3 (nella terapia omeopatica)
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Stimolatorio. Tonico e ricostituente.
Cancerogeno (As3+, As5+) e teratogeno (As5+)
13
ANTIMONIO
n.o. = 0, -3, +3, +5
Solubile in acqua regia a causa di passivazione.
ANTIMONY (Eu Ph)
Dissolve with gentle heating about 10 mg of the substance to be examined in a solution
of 0.5 g of sodium potassium tartrate R in 10 ml of water R and allow to cool: to 2 ml of
this solution, or to 2 ml of the prescribed solution, add sodium sulphide solution R
dropwise; an orange-red precipitate is formed which dissolves on addition of dilute
sodium hydroxide solution R.
2 Sb 3+ + 3S 2-  Sb2S3
Sb2S3 + 3S 2- 
2SbS3 3-
Sb2S3 + 6OH - 
SbO33- + SbS33- + 3H2O
Sb2S3 + 6H+ + 8Cl-  2 [SbCl4] - + 3H2S
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
Nessuno nella FU
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Stimolatorio
14
ALLUMINIO
n.o. = 0, +3
Solubile in acqua (passivazione), acidi e basi.
ALUMINIUM (Eu Ph)
Dissolve about 15 mg of the substance to be examined in 2 ml of water R or use 2 ml of
the prescribed solution. Add about 0.5 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R and about 0.5 ml
of thioacetamide reagent R. No precipitate is formed. Add dropwise dilute sodium
hydroxide solution R. A gelatinous white precipitate is formed which dissolves on
further addition of dilute sodium hydroxide solution R. Gradually add ammonium
chloride solution R. The gelatinous white precipitate is re-formed.
Al 3+ + 3OH-  Al(OH)3
Al(OH)3 + OH-  [Al(OH)4][Al(OH)4]- + NH4+  Al(OH)3 + NH3 + H2O
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
Allume (AlK(SO4)2.12H2O), AlCl3.6H2O, AlPO4, Al2(SO4)3.nH2O, [AlO(OH)]nH2O,
alluminio magnesio silicato, alluminio ossido idrato, alluminio sodio silicato.
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Astringente, antisettico e emostatico, antiacido e adsorbente.
15
Dal prodotto di solubilita si ha:
Per:
[Al(OH)4]- + H+  Al(OH)3 + H2O
16
FERRO
n.o. = 0, +2, +3
Solubile in acidi.
IRON (Eu Ph)
a)
Dissolve a quantity of the substance to be examined equivalent to about 10 mg
of iron (Fe2+ ) in 1 ml of water R or use 1 ml of the prescribed solution. Add 1 ml
of potassium ferricyanide solution R. A blue precipitate is formed that does not
dissolve on addition of 5 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R.
Fe2+ + K+ + [Fe(CN)6]3- KFe[Fe(CN)6
b)
Dissolve a quantity of the substance to be examined equivalent to about 1 mg of
iron (Fe3+ ) in 30 ml of water R. To 3 ml of this solution or to 3 ml of the
prescribed solution, add 1 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R and 1 ml of potassium
thiocyanate solution R. The solution is coloured red.
Fe3+ + SCN-  [Fe(SCN)]2+
c)
Dissolve a quantity of the substance to be examined equivalent to not less than
1 mg of iron (Fe3+ ) in 1 ml of water R or use 1 ml of the prescribed solution. Add
1 ml of potassium ferrocyanide solution R. A blue precipitate is formed that does
not dissolve on addition of 5 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R.
Fe3+ + K+ + [Fe(CN)6]4- KFe[Fe(CN)6
17
Sodio idrossido
Fe 2+
Fe2+ + 2OH-  Fe(OH)2 verde
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O  4Fe(OH)3 rosso-bruno
Fe 3+
Fe3+ + 3OH-  Fe(OH)3
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
FeCl3.6H2O, FeSO4.7H2O
Ferro ossido giallo FeO(OH) (FU), ferro ossido rosso Fe2O3 (FU)
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Oligoelemento essenziale.
Ferro (II) è antianemico.
Fe (III) favorisce la coagulazione del sangue.
18
ZINCO
n.o. = 0, +2
Solubile in acidi e basi. In acqua subisce passivazione.
ZINC (Eu Ph)
Dissolve 0.1 g of the substance to be examined in 5 ml of water R or use 5 ml of the
prescribed solution. Add 0.2 ml of strong sodium hydroxide solution R. A white precipitate
is formed. Add a further 2 ml of strong sodium hydroxide solution R. The precipitate
dissolves. Add 10 ml of ammonium chloride solution R. The solution remains clear. Add
0.1 ml of sodium sulphide solution R. A flocculent white precipitate is formed.
Zn2+ + 2OH-  Zn (OH) 2 + 2OH-  [Zn (OH)4] 2[Zn (OH)4 ]2- + S2-  ZnS + 4 OH-
Zn2+ + S2-  ZnS
Potassio ferrocianuro
3Zn2+ + 2K+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]4-  K2Zn3 [Fe(CN)6]2
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
ZnCl2, ZnO, ZnSO4(7H2O, 6H2O, H2O), zinco acetato
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Oligoelemento essenziale. Stimolatorio.
Antisettico.
Cancerogeno e teratogeno.
19
MANGANESE
n.o. = 0, +2 (Mn2+), (+3), +4 (MnO2), (+5), +6 (MnO42-), +7 (MnO4-)
Solubile in acidi.
Potassium permanganate KMnO4
IDENTIFICATION
A. Dissolve about 50 mg in 5 ml of water R and add 1 ml of ethanol (96 per cent) R and
0.3 ml of dilute sodium hydroxide solution R. A green colour develops. Heat to boiling. A
dark brown precipitate is formed.
4 MnO4- + CH3CH2OH + 4 OH-  4 MnO42- + CH3COOH + 3 H2O
2 MnO42- + 2 H2O  2 MnO2 + 4 OH- + O2
Mn2+
Sodio idrossido
Mn2+ + 2OH-  Mn(OH)2
2Mn(OH)2 + O2  2MnO2 + 2H2O
MnO2 + Mn(OH)2  Mn2O3 + H2O
20
Sodio solfuro (pH  9)
Mn2+ + S2-  MnS
MnS + 2H+  Mn2+ + H2S
Piombo diossido in ambiente acido (HNO3)
2 Mn2+ + 5 PbO2 + 4 H+  2 MnO4- + 5 Pb2+ + 2 H2O
ione permanganato-colore viola
2MnO4- + 3Mn2+ +2H2O  5MnO2 + 4H+
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
KMnO4
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Microelemento essenziale.
Intossicazione cronica: manganismo.
21
COBALTO
n.o. = 0, +2, +3
Solubile in acidi
Sodio idrossido
Co2+ + 2OH-  Co(OH)2
4Co(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O  4Co(OH)3
Sodio solfuro (pH  9)
2Co(NH3)63+ + 3S 2-  2 CoS + S + 12NH3
OH
4CoS + O2 + 2H2O  4 Co
S
Potassio nitrito in ambiente acetico
Co2+ + 7NO2- + 3K+ + 2H+  K3[Co(NO2)6] + NO + H2O
Ammonio solfocianuro
Co2+ + 4SCN-  [Co(SCN)4]2Composti di interesse farmaceutico Nessuno
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica Microelemento essenziale.
22
CALCIO
n.o. = 0, +2
Solubile in acidi ed in acqua (passivazione).
CALCIUM (Eu Ph)
b) Dissolve about 20 mg of the substance to be examined or the prescribed quantity in 5 ml
of acetic acid R. Add 0.5 ml of potassium ferrocyanide solution R. The solution remains
clear. Add about 50 mg of ammonium chloride R. A white, crystalline precipitate is formed.
Ca2+ + K+ + NH4+ + [Fe(CN)6] 4-  CaKNH4[Fe(CN)6]
Ammonio ossalato (pH  5)
Ca2+ + C2O42- 
CaC2O4
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
CaCO3, CaCl2 (2H2O, 6H2O), CaHPO4, Ca(OH)2, CaSO4.2H2O, calcio fosfato
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Elemento essenziale.
23
BARIO
Barium sulphate
Barii sulfas
BaSO4
Mr 233.4[7727-43-7]
CHARACTERS
Appearance: fine, white or almost white powder, free from gritty particles.
Solubility: practically insoluble in water and in organic solvents. It is very slightly soluble in
acids and in solutions of alkali hydroxides.
IDENTIFICATION
A.
Boil a suspension of 0.2 g with 5 ml of a 500 g/l solution of sodium carbonate R for
5 min, add 10 ml of water R, filter and acidify a part of the filtrate with dilute
hydrochloric acid R. The solution gives the reactions of sulphates (2.3.1).
B.
Wash the residue collected in the preceding test with 3 successive small quantities
of water R. To the residue add 5 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R, filter and add to the
filtrate 0.3 ml of dilute sulphuric acid R. A white precipitate is formed that is insoluble
in dilute sodium hydroxide solution R.
A.
BaSO4 + CO32-  BaCO3 + SO42SO42- + Ba 2+  BaSO4
B. BaCO3 + 2 H+  Ba 2+ + CO2 + H2O
Ba 2+ + SO42-  BaSO4
24
MAGNESIO
n.o. = 0, +2
Solubile in acidi ed in acqua
MAGNESIUM (Eu Ph)
Dissolve about 15 mg of the substance to be examined in 2 ml of water R or use 2 ml of
the prescribed solution. Add 1 ml of dilute ammonia R1. A white precipitate is formed that
dissolves on addition of 1 ml of ammonium chloride solution R. Add 1 ml of disodium
hydrogen phosphate solution R. A white crystalline precipitate is formed.
Mg2+ + 2 OH-  Mg(OH)2
NH4+ + OH-  NH3 + H2O
Mg2+ + HPO42- + NH3  MgNH4PO4
Sodio idrossido + magnesone II
Mg 2+ + 2 OH-  Mg(OH)2 adsorbe magnesone
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
MgO, MgCl2.6H2O, Mg-acetato.4H2O, Mg(OH)2, MgSO4.7H2O, Mg-carbonato, Mgtrisilicato
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Elemento oligoessenziale. Lassativo e/o purgante. Antiacido.
25
LITIO
n.o. = 0, +1 - Solubile in acqua con reazione fortemente esotermica.
Lithium carbonate
Lithii carbonas
Li2CO3
Mr 73.9[554-13-2]
DEFINITION
Content: 98.5 per cent to 100.5 per cent.
CHARACTERS
Appearance: white ►or almost white◄ powder. Solubility: slightly soluble in water,
practically insoluble in ethanol (96 per cent).
IDENTIFICATION
A. When moistened with hydrochloric acid R, it gives a red colour to a non-luminous
flame.
C. It gives the reaction of carbonates (2.3.1).
Sodio fosfato bibasico
3Li+ + OH – + HPO42-  Li3PO4 + H2O
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
Li2CO3: psicofarmaco
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Elemento stimolatorio e ultratraccia essenziale. Teratogeno.
26
SODIO
n.o. = 0, +1
Solubile in acqua con reazione fortemente esotermica.
SODIUM (Eu Ph)
a) Dissolve 0.1 g of the substance to be examined in 2 ml of water R or use 2 ml of the
prescribed solution. Add 2 ml of a 150 g/l solution of potassium carbonate R and heat to
boiling. No precipitate is formed. Add 4 ml of potassium pyroantimonate solution R and
heat to boiling. Allow to cool in iced water and if necessary rub the inside of the test-tube
with a glass rod. A dense white precipitate is formed.
H2Sb2O7 2- + 5H2O  2[Sb(OH)6]Na+ + [Sb(OH)6]-  Na[Sb(OH)6
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
NaCl, NaBr, NaI, Na-acetato.3H2O, Na3citrato, NaH2PO4, Na2SO4.10H2O, NaHCO3,
Na2CO3, NaBO3.4H2O
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Elemento essenziale.
27
POTASSIO
n.o. = 0, +1
Solubile in acqua con reazione fortemente esotermica.
POTASSIUM
a) Dissolve 0.1 g of the substance to be examined in 2 ml of water R or use 2 ml of the
prescribed solution. Add 1 ml of sodium carbonate solution R and heat. No precipitate is
formed. Add to the hot solution 0.05 ml of sodium sulphide solution R. No precipitate is
formed. Cool in iced water and add 2 ml of a 150 g/l solution of tartaric acid R. Allow to
stand. A white crystalline precipitate is formed.
K+ + HOOC-(CHOH)2-COOH  HOOC-(CHOH)2-COOK + H+
b) Dissolve about 40 mg of the substance to be examined in 1 ml of water R or use 1 ml
of the prescribed solution. Add 1 ml of dilute acetic acid R and 1 ml of a freshly prepared
100 g/l solution of sodium cobaltinitrite R. A yellow or orange-yellow precipitate is
formed immediately.
3 K+ + [Co(NO2)6]3-  K3[Co(NO2)6]
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
KCl, K-acetato, K3citrato, KBr, KI, K2CO3, KHCO3, KNO3, KH2PO4, KMnO4
Attività farmacologica e tossicologica
Elemento essenziale.
28
AMMONIO
AMMONIUM SALTS AND SALTS OF VOLATILE BASES
Dissolve about 20 mg of the substance to be examined in 2 ml of water R or use 2 ml of
the prescribed solution. Add 2 ml of dilute sodium hydroxide solution R. On heating, the
solution gives off vapour that can be identified by its odour and by its alkaline reaction
(2.2.4).
NH4+ + OH-  NH3 + H2O
Sodio cobaltinitrito
3 NH4+ + [Co(NO2)6]3-  (NH4)3[Co(NO2)6]
Reattivo di Nessler (soluzione di potassio iodomercurato in NaOH)
Hg
2[HgI4]2-
+
NH4+
+
4OH-
 O
NH2  I + 7I- + 3 H2O colorazione giallo-arancio
Hg
Composti di interesse farmaceutico
NH3, NH4Cl, NH4Br, (NH4)HCO3
29