EARLY HUMANS

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How Did We Get Here?

Highlights from “Origin Stories” • China - Nuwa the creator was lonely without true friends. Her husband Fuxi suggested she travel the beautiful earth to see what you could find. Nothing. She went to the river to create her own friends in her image from the clay, but with legs. Soon she created more, using her rope for speed. Her hand creations-rich and fortunate. Rope- poor and unfortunate.

• Indo-China

-After months of dedicated work, Lo Kuo finished his banana leaf home. Lord Thunder took pleasure in destroying it. Lord Thunder was punished for his act, turned into a rooster and caged. Hot…thirsty…Lord Thunder traded his special tooth for water. Lo Kuo planted the tooth in the soil. Lord Thunder returned to his normal self once he swallowed the water. Rain followed. Lo Kuo-rode a gourd from tooth up to Lord Thunder’s door. At the door of Lord Thunder, Lo Kuo knocked & when the flood waters entered, Lo Kuo crashed. From the smashed gourd, males and females were created.

• Sumer-

The God of Wisdom had a son Marduk who had twice the powers of all other Gods (4 eyes, 2 mouth etc) Marduk was spoiled and acted like it. He played practical jokes on the other Gods, who soon grew tired of it. Tiamat-goddess of the Sea had the answer: Gruesome monsters were created. Marduk agreed to fight the monsters, but only if he would become King of Gods if victorious. Marduk brought 1 net, 1 bow, and 1 arrow-chariot, but was overwhelmed with his army of foes. He knew he must fight Tiamat alone. He intentionally Insulted her and when she screamed he fired an arrow down her throat. She split in 2 creating the sky and earth, which was soon populated with people.

More Stories!

• Mayan-

This tale involves Tepeu the Creator and Gucumatz the Maker. They decided to create Earth. Trees, light etc. were created and then animals, but it was too quiet. Because of their silence, animals were destined to be the lowest creatures ones to be hunted. Clay men were created, but they melted. Wood men were created, but they showed no emotions. Some eaten, some escaped and became monkeys. Next? Corn and water created humans. Success! Originally, humans had powers like Gods, but to lower their power, knowledge and wisdom were diminished, so humans would not be as wise as Gods.

• Zulu -

The Great One (Sky God) came down to propose to Uhlanga the Swamp. The world was thus created. Uhlanga had 2 colored reeds: humans. Many gifts were presented (light, water, animals…) and one final gift. Unwahba the chameleon was told to travel down a tree that connected heaven and earth and deliver the message: “No living thing shall ever die.” Slow and nimble Unwahba traveled here and there. Having second thoughts about giving humans immortaility, Intulo the lizard was told to deliver a message: “All living things must someday die.” The lizard arrived first, making it “law” because once the word of the Gods is delivered, it can not be changed.

Things to Know

• BCE (Before Common Era) Pre-year 1 • CE (Common Era). Year 1-2013 and beyond.

Hominids- Classification: bipedal beings. Ancestors to humans? All humans are hominds, but not all hominids are human. Bipedal- two footed animal (Why? Food, protection, vision, travel.

We will focus on primarily 6 hominids. More types exist, at 27 and many have subdivisions within the hominid species. Only 1 remains: Human Beings.

The Hominids

In the beginning… • The universe is about 15 billion years old.

• The Earth is about 4 billion years old. • The oldest human fossil: Chad, Africa in 2001-2 by Ahounta Djundoumalbaye Sahelanthropus tchadensis (Sakel man). Skull, 4 lower jaw fragments, teeth- not enough for any conclusive info. Lived about 7 million years ago.

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=image+of+Sahelanthropus+tchadensis+&id=50B9AF021 6033290936FAE04D8E6BFF30CFC6663&FORM=IQFRBA#view=detail&id=50B9AF021603329 0936FAE04D8E6BFF30CFC6663&selectedIndex=0

Look What I Found!

1924- Miners were blasting limestone in “Taung,”Africa. Raymond Dart discovered a 2 million year old skull with human (flat face, round skull) & ape features (jaw, teeth). Deformed ape? Kin? 1/3 skull New species named “Australopithecus” (Southern Ape.) Dart considered crazy people weren’t buying his theory. http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=photo+of+Raymond+Dart&qpvt=photo+of+Raymond+Dar t&FORM=IGRE

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Major Discovery

http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/joh1bio-1

• 1974 Ethiopia. Don Johanson: • High temps (110). Followed a hunch and continued dig despite heat. • Unusual hominid arm, skull, thigh,ribs found. • Major jumping!

http://www.bing.com/ima0F7B6B5&sel ectedIndex=33 http://www.kvarkadabra.net/images/articles/Lucy-ki-je-vredna-vec-kot-diamanti_1_original.jpg

http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/djohanson.html

ges/search?q=Don+Johanson&qpvt=Don+Joh anson&FORM=IGRE#view=detail&id=492EF0 DB716F7B77442171CC71EBD732D

INTRODUCING:

What’s the big deal?

• Before Lucy: Previous complete skeleton: 75,000 years. http://www.anthro4n6.net/lucy/ • After Lucy: 3,500,000 years • Apelike, but bi-pedal.

• Human ancestor?? Some wondered.

• Lived in south and eastern Africa.

• Notice the hips.

Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds

40% skeleton recovered. Speculation: peaceful death. • Skull: 1/3 size of humans low forehead, large protruding eye ridge, flat nose, jutting jaw. Long, ape-like arms. Wide cheeks-strong facial muscles, ape teeth. Small brain. 25-30 years old.

• Beatles song inspired name, Lucy.

AL-288-1 (Official name) www.msnbc.msn.com

(website for next three slides)

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Australopithecus

• Dates: Lived 3-4 million years ago.

• Appearance: • 3 feet, 6-8 inches tall. About 65 pounds.

• Hands, feet (notice footprint) and legs like humans, except for long toes and fingers like an ape, although straight! (1978) • Hair, nose, skin pigment up to interpretation.

http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/australopithecusafarensis.htm

wikipedia

Daily Life interpretation: Australopithecus • Obtained food by using small branches or stones to kill prey. Ate berries, leaves, fruit, roots, eggs and insects, worms, lizards- easy to chew. • Small nomadic groups (20-30 people) • Trees for protection?

Bones to View

Discussion: Student “Exit Card” Questions

• How are hominids named? (Afar locality #288) • Was the Taung skull connected to Lucy? • How do they know she was female?

• Why are the bones all found in Africa? Other bones? How deep were they? • Did Lucy have a family? Social qualities?

- How come no others were found around Lucy? • Was Lucy the only one of her kind? • Did Lucy walk on 2 legs? Cause of death? • Was Lucy really a human? • Where is her skeleton today?

More Questions • How can we conclude what Lucy looked like through her bones? • Could some of the bones not be Lucy’s?

• How do they know her gender? • Did Lucy live during Pangea? • How many other “Lucys” have been found?

• Was Lucy smart?

Big News 4 Years Ago: Lucy Ousted

October 2009 17 years of research. “The oldest fossil skeleton (45%) of a hominid. 1992: Discovered in Gen Suwa • Walked 4.4 million + years ago (stratigraphy). Found in Ethiopia. (Million years before Lucy).

• Called “Ardipithecus ramidus”(root (lang) of the ground ape) • Smaller teeth than Lucy?? http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/bigphotos/85209423.html

Missing Link?

• Walked upright and climbed through trees using a grasping big toe.

• Did not walk on knuckles. Pelvis indicates some climbing and some walking skills.

• Flat feet, no arch. Bone of humans, not chimps. • 4 feet 110 pounds • Carried items in long arms (shorter legs).

• Smaller sized brain than 019236f521f49e&furl=http%3a%2f%2fwww.kottke.org%2fplus%2fmisc%2fimages%2fardi.jpg

a chimp. (20% of Human)

www.bing.com/images/search?q=ardi+timeline&qpvt=ardi+timeline&FORM=IGRE#view=detail&id=962B195D3167095AD66FBD809B89079873C3F135&selectedIndex=0

Ardi’s Life

• Probably used sticks and leaves for tools. Ate nuts, fruit, leaves, mini mammals, eggs & plants.

• Traits in apes not found in Ardi. Was Ardi the great ancestor to both humans and apes or more ape than hominid? Too early to decide the debate. Experts can’t agree. Tooth enamel examined-determine residence.

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Homo Habilis:A Handy Dude

• Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, E Africa. (Not Asia*) • Leakey • (Anthropologists/ Brit.spy) • 1960:skull and simple tools discovered. • Lived 1.6-2.5mill. yrs ago.

• Oldest hom. at time of discovery- “homo genus”: class,kind, race • (Paleolithic Period 2m 10,000) • Lived w/ australopithecus http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/leakey.html

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/africa/olduvai_gorge.html

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=leakey+photos&qs=n&form=QBIR&pq=leakey+photo s&sc=2-13&sp= 1&sk=#view=detail&id=1E17B07C207AD2CBA3227157EFA10762B44259DE&selectedInde http://www.leakey.com/photo_gallery/6_photo_gallery.htm

Homo habilis

(No Notes) • Appearance: 4’ 3”. • bipedal; round skull, small face and teeth*. Long arms, brain half the size of modern human. • • • Homo habilis had the ability to “speak”-grunts and gestures. Long, ape like arms, short legs, bulky, but a less protruding jaw than the Lucy. http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/stw53.jpg

Archaeology.info

fhttp://www.skullsunlimited.com/homo-habilis-skull.htmtall

Homo habilis

huts made from branch and stone • Planned ahead and worked as a group. • Fire when available did not know how to make it.

Tools! Memory, . planning, adapting to area, group work for food. Not hunting-bone marrow- staple food. www.search.live.com

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_YUct79oMB1c/TIRRDnvfcWI/AAAAAAAAAAk/YuYDx8tZk84/s1600/hom_habilis.jpg

Homo habilis

• Tools- Simple tools from stone (hand axe) • Some evidence of a division of labor: men hunting, women digging plants.

• What do you think we see on the right? http://humanorigins.si.edu/resources/multimedia/image/ihomo-habilisi-face-illustration-front-view

Exit Card Qs

• Did anyone find anyone like Ardi again? • Was Ardi the first hominid to make tools? • Why did Australopithecus die out? • Did homo habilis attach sticks to stone? • Did these hominids have pets? • When will they find other bones? • Did hominds know each others language?

• How did Homo habilis discover tool making? • Did homo habilis have the ability to swim? • • Why are their so many braches of the genus homo?

Homo Ergaster (Different hominid?)

• 1984 Lake Turkana Kenya: Kamoya Kimeu, Alan Walker and Richard Leakey discovered a 1.5 million year old skeleton of a boy-age 7-15 (teeth: ape-7 yr old. 11-15 for boy) • Elephants had shattered the bones. The skull was in 70 pieces and most lay on some volcanic ash.

• Runner’s Build • 5’+- still growing-words • http://media.photobucket.com/image/homo%20ergaster/est_ne_spes/Anthropolo-awesome/TurkanaboyHomoergaster.jpg?o=9

http://wiki.kkc.school.nz/images/3/37/Ergaster.jpg

“Working man”

Homo ergaster

•http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo/homo_2.htm

• Robust, but human like skeleton. 1 arms. st with long legs and short • Lived in Africa and migrated to Asia. • Big mystery about identifying this hominid. Different from Homo Erectus? • Many say “no”

Homo erectus

• Discovered in 1890 by Dutch physician Eugene Dubois on the island of Java. Java Man, Peking Man and Turkana Boy are famous finds. • Daily Life: Lived w/20-30 members. Made huts with fire hearths (pine resin) http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=eugene+dubois+photos&qs=n&form=QBIR&pq=eugene+ dubois+photos&sc=0-13&sp= 1&sk=#view=detail&id=544107F752E9799C6D528DF31895C334185AE1CC&selectedIndex=6 http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=homo+erectus+photo&qpvt=homo+erectus+photo&FOR

Homo erectus

• “ Upright man” • 1.8 million yrs ago in Africa, Asia, Europe. • Human like below the neck, but with denser legs. 5’ 6” tall. • 70% of human brain. Brain growth probably sparked by starvation, which forced the cells in the brain to increase over time. http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Home+Erectus+Shelter&Form=IQFR DR#view=detail&id=6F287170BCFC2A58C3B57425BF8CCE6E6C9CD168& selectedIndex=12

Homo erectus

• Tools: bolas for hunting, hand axes • Fire: First to use (cook, hunt, protect, create tools and warmth), but could not create it. • Language- Grunts and simple words with gestures. • Clothing: Draped animal skins.

• Terra Amata- each spring, followed herds of animals and feasted with other clans.

They use them for what?

• Over 40 Homo erectus bodies have been found. Many more have been lost to farmers who ground up the bones into powder called dragon bones. This powder is then sold to superstitious people who believe the powder will cure diseases. • Some original fossils and bones are gone. Fearful of the Japanese, some hominid artifacts were bundled and shipped to the US during WWII. The bones mysteriously never made it there!

Today’s Awesome Questions

• Did they use pots or utensils?

• How do we know they used fire?

• Is the dragon powder still used? • What does robust mean? • What happened to Peking Man?

• Why did it take hominids so long to migrate to North/South America? • How do we know they made fire?

• What would they do if the animal thrown off the cliff was good enough to eat?

• What would homo ergaster do if they were burned by the fire?

• Do other animals evolve?

• How long did it take to put 70 pieces of skull together?

Guten Tag!

• 1856: A quarry in the Neander Valley near Dusseldorf- another “a deformed” skull & bones discovered. • “Neanderthals” lived from about 300,000 to 30,000 years ago. • • Lived during the Ice Age.

http://www.banderasnews.com/0611/images/neanderthal.jpg

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=neanderthal&qs=n&form=QBIR&pq=n eanderthal&sc=8-11&sp= 1&sk=#view=detail&id=EAB8291653576FFFF3B009312BB1C8FC8CDF1BB E&selectedIndex=71http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Neanderthal+Wo man&Form=IQFRDR#view=detail&id=02A0E2F0BBFB96BC16CED098439B D0B596968B81&selectedIndex=158

www.colinmayne.com/neanderthal.html

Neanderthal

• “These are homo sapiens- wiseman.

• Eurasian. Appearance: 5’6’’. Shorter size and stocky with large muscles. Arthritis led to stooping figures. Good for cold weather. Lot of wear on teeth; their third hand. • Larger brains than us. Doesn’t mean they were smarter, but they were advanced for their time. http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Neanderthal+Woman&Form=IQFRDR#view=detail&id=F 6FA5441E0ECB9A202F7D7F7159114C87DE93227&selectedIndex=203

Neanderthal

• Daily Life: Shelter- More advanced: skins and bones to protect from weather, although most preferred caves. Men hunted, women stayed at home. Used fire to cook food. • Food- Organized group hunts to confuse prey. Holes in ground for refrigeration. • Language- How advanced is debated. Probably spoke. • Tools- Different tools for different purposes (knives, spears, scrapers, bow and arrow, fishhooks, rope).

Neanderthals

or stones. • Rituals- Buried their dead, perhaps even with some formal ceremony. The Neanderthals worked together in a community, even cared for their sick cared for broken bones.

• Cannibals? Skull marks: bone marrow or ceremony? • Clothing- Punched holes in hides and tied together. 1 st to do this. http://www.realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/Homo_habilis_erectus_n eanderthal.htm

Bon jour!

• 1868 Southwestern France. 13,000-20,000 year old skull. Found in a rock shelter known as Cro-Magnon, hence the name. Less common now: “Early Modern Humans” • These guys look like us (small eye ridges, domed heads, garment sewed together-bone needles, jewelry-bones, shells flowers, teeth etc)

Homo Sapiens Sapiens

• Term means “Doubly Wiseman”.

• Originated in Africa and spread to Europe (Early Modern Humans), Asia and Australia and eventually to North and South America. A lot of this travel occurred during the ice age. Land bridges allowed the passage from one spot to another (Bering Strait).

http://www.realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/cro_magnon_Homo_sapien.htm