Transcript 生態系サービスの変化に関する直接・間接的要因の分

Ecosystem Services Management
on Satoyama
for Sustainable Society
Masataka Watanabe
Faculty of Environment and Information Studies,
Keio University
Institute of Advanced Studies,
United Nations University
What is Satoyama
Food, medicinal plants
fodder
Seed bed materials
Livestock
Manure
Seed bed
N
Ash
Woodland
Cropland
Houses
(Modified after Inui, 1996)
０
５００
m
-Mosaic pattern of woodlands, grasslands, crop lands, paddy fields,
settlements, irrigated ponds, etc.
-Nature maintained by human activities such as periodically tree cutting in
coppice woodland and agricultural activities.
-Relationships exist between each of the different types of land use, such as
the plowing of fallen leaves gathered from a woodland back into the soil as
fertilizer, or the use of firewood as fuel in homes.
Landscape of SATOYAMA
Dairy
farming
Okuyama
Burnt
field
Secondary
Forest
Terraced
paddy field
Bamboo
House
Production of
organic
fertilizer and
charcoal
Dry field
Paddy field
Cited from Ministry of Environment, Japan
Irrigation /
drainage
system
Pond
Definition of Satoyama and Satoumi
Satoyama and Satoumi can be defined as a dynamic area
(zone) that inter-relates people and nature and that is
created and maintained through various direct and indirect
uses, such as in agriculture, forestry, fishery, tradition,
culture, livelihood and environmental conservations.
– They constitute an ecosystem mosaic consisting of rural
communities and their surrounding various ecosystems ,
which provide diverse ecosystem services and contribute
to the creation of vision towards their conservation,
rehabilitation and creation.
– Their spatial patterns vary with local natural
environments, human values, and social and economical
conditions.
CO2
Rainfall
CO2
village
Wood
Supply
(Food, Wood)
Management
SATOUMI
Food
production
Supply
(Food)
SATOYAMA
Fishing village
Organic
fertilizer
Soil
Marine products
CITY
Recharge
water
Purification
Water
OKUYAMA
Secondary Forest :21% of total land
Quercus crispula [Mizunara]
Betula platyphylla var. japonica
[Shirakanba]
Quercus serrata
[Konara]
Quercus serrata [Konara]
Major components of Satoyama
Coppice Forest of
Japanese Red Pine
Castanopsis
and
Oak
[Aakamatsu]
-Secondary Forest
[Shii and Kashi]
-Planted Forest
-Agricultural Land
-Secondary Grassland
Area of Satoyama : 43 % of total land (estimated by MOE, Japan, 2002)
Ecosystem services provided by
Satoyama and Satoumi
Provisioning service
1) Fuel supply
2) Fertilizer supply
3) Timber and non-timber products
4) Fishery products
5) Food and feeding stuff
Regulating service
1) Climate and water resources/water quality regulation in Satoyama
2) CO2 sequestration
3) Natural disaster regulation
4) Water quality regulation in Satoumi
Cultural service
Multifunctional and high diversity
of ecosystem services
Long-term trend for firewood / charcoal production, and
shiitake mushroom production in Japan
1942年
69,900
100,000
Fuel and fertilizer revolution
in the 1960s
材積(10 3 m3 )
10,000
1979年
2,116
2000年
776
1,000
年
薪炭林伐採材積
シタケ原木伏込量
2000
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
1960
1955
1950
1945
1940
1935
1930
1925
100
1995
1998年
264
200
7,000
150
6,000
100
Total arable land
Arable land
utilizaiton ratio
5,000
50
4,000
Annual expansion of arable land
0
3,000
-50
2,000
農地の拡張面積
農地のかい廃面積
-100
1,000
耕地利用率
Annual conversion
of arable land
耕地面積計
-150
Total abandoned arable land in 2005 : 386 (1,000ha)
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
1972
1970
1968
1966
1964
1962
1960
1958
1956
0
耕地面積計 Total arable land (1,000ha）
農地の拡張・かい廃面積 (1,000ha/year) ・ 耕地利用率
Annual expansion and conversion of arable land
- Utilization ratio
Trend of arable land in Japan
（Ministry of Agri. Fishery, Japan，2009）
Trend of fishery production, trade, consumption and
self-sufficient ratio（Ministry of Agri. Fishery, Japan，2008）
10,000
120
国内消費量
Domestic consumption
自給率 Self Sufficient ratio
100
7,000
生産量
Production
80
6,000
5,000
60
4,000
40
3,000
輸入量 Import
2,000
20
1,000
輸出量 Export
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
1972
1970
1968
1966
0
1964
0
自給率 Self Sufficient Ratio (%)
8,000
1962
生産・輸出入量・国内消費消費量
Production・Inpot-export・Domestic production(1,000t)
9,000
Fuel and fertilizer revolution in the 1960s
Rainfall
Globalization
CO2
CO2
OKUYAMA
Chemical
fertilizer
SATOYAMA
Depopulation
Import
Export
Industrial
product
Supply
Food
Woods
Supply
Urbanization
Soil
SATOUMI
Depopulation
Marine products
CITY
Recharge
water
Eutrophication
Purification
Water
Economic development and urbanization
Satoyama: Solution for Climate Change Mitigation/Adaptation
Climate Change
Globalization
Urbanization
Scenario for Low Carbon Society
BAU
Economic Model
SD
TD
Land Use
DE
Population
Industry
Policy and Technological Options
Agri./Land Use
Biodiversity
Recycle
Energy
Sustainable national land
use policy
Natural environmental
conservation policy
Biomass utilization
policy
Agriculture and Forest
policy
Biodiversity conservation
policy
Development of
renewable energy
Sustainable resource
management
Material recycle
Nutrient recycle
Food security policy
Solution for Climate Change Adaptation?
Quality-of-life
●Economical benefit
●Security
●Amenity
●Health
Socio-Economic System
ECO-SYSTEM SERVICE
Human-well being
●Provisioning services
●Regulating services
●Supporting services
●Cultural services
Natural System