Transcript Introduction to Algorithm Analysis

Today’s Material
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Why C?
History of C
Generic C Program Structure
Variables
– Type and Name
– Assignment Operator
• Simple I/O
– scanf/printf
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Why C?
• Simple and Structural
– Minimal syntax
• Availability and Portability
– C compilers are available for a wide range of
platforms
• Windows, UNIX, embedded systems
• Language of choice for system programming
• Most OS code are written in C
• Widely known
– Almost every programmer knows C
– There are lots of public code written in C
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History of C
• C evolved as follows:
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CPL Combined Programming Language (Barron, 1963)
BCPL Basic CPL (Richards, 1969)
B (Thompson, 1970)
C (Kernighan & Ritchie, 1973)
ANSI C American National Standards Institute C
(X3J11, 1989)
!! The fact that a language originated in 1973
has required as little change as this one has
in thirty years of heavy use is truly
remarkable, and without parallels anywhere
else in computer science or engineering.
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Generic C Program Structure
#include <stdio.h>
/* main designates the starting place of our program */
main() {
/* Variables hold Data Items Needed in the Program */
Variable Declarations;
/* Steps of our program: I/O, computation (expressions) */
Statement1;
Statement2;
…
StatementN;
} /* end-of-the program */
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First C Program
PROBLEM
Convert a fahrenheit
temperature to celsius
Start
Prompt the user for a temperature
#include <stdio.h>
/* Convert fahrenheit to celsius */
main()
{
float fahrenheit;
float celsius;
Get the fahrenheit temperature
celsius = (fahrenheit-32)/1.8
Print the fahrenheit and
celsius degrees
End
}
printf(“Enter a temp in fahrenheit: “);
scanf(“%f”, &fahrenheit);
celsius = (fahrenheit-32)/1.8;
printf(“%f degrees fahrenheit equals
%f degrees celsius\n”, fahrenheit,
celsius);
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First C Program Dissected
Load the standard library
to handle I/O
Comments: In between /* …. */
main(): Designates where the
execution will start
#include <stdio.h>
/* Convert fahrenheit to celsius */
main()
{
float fahrenheit;
float celsius;
printf(“Enter a temp in fahrenheit: “);
scanf(“%f”, &fahrenheit);
celsius = (fahrenheit-32)/1.8;
printf(“%f degrees fahrenheit equals
%f degrees celsius\n”, fahrenheit,
celsius);
Curly braces
Determines the beginning and
the end of a code block
}
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First C Program Dissected (cont)
Variables
• A variable is a memory location
whose contents can be filled and
changed during program execution
• float is the variable type
• fahrenheit & celsius are variable
names
#include <stdio.h>
/* Convert fahrenheit to celsius */
main()
{
float fahrenheit;
float celsius;
printf(“Enter a temp in fahrenheit: “);
scanf(“%f”, &fahrenheit);
celsius = (fahrenheit-32)/1.8;
printf(“%f degrees fahrenheit equals
%f degrees celsius\n”, fahrenheit,
celsius);
Statements
• Steps of your program.
• Statements end with a
semicolon (;)
}
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First C Program Dissected (cont)
#include <stdio.h>
Output
Use printf function to print
something on the screen
/* Convert fahrenheit to celsius */
main()
{
float fahrenheit;
float celsius;
printf(“Enter a temp in fahrenheit: “);
scanf(“%f”, &fahrenheit);
celsius = (fahrenheit-32)/1.8;
printf(“%f degrees fahrenheit equals
%f degrees celsius\n”, fahrenheit,
celsius);
Input
Use scanf function to read
something from the keyboard
Computation
Use mathematical operators to
perform computation
}
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From C Code-2-Machine Code
• Now that we have our C
program, how does it get
translated to machine code,
i.e., to 0s and 1s
– Remember a computer
understands just 0s and 1s
• We use several system
software components to
translate out C program to
machine code
– Compiler, assembler, linker,
loader+OS
prog.c
COMPILER
prog.s
ASSEMBLER
prog.o
printf.o
scanf.o
LINKER
prog.exe
LOADER + OS
program running
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First C Program Executed
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
/* Convert fahrenheit to celsius */
main() {
float fahrenheit, celsius;
printf(“Enter a temp in fahrenheit: “);
scanf(“%f”, &fahrenheit);
celsius = (fahrenheit-32)/1.8;
printf(“%f degrees fahrenheit equals %f
degrees celsius\n”, fahrenheit, celsius);
} /* end-main */
DATA
fahrenheit
?
75.4
celsius
?
24.11
Enter a temp in fahrenheit: 75.4
75.4 degrees fahrenheit equals 24.11 degrees celsius
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What’s a Variable?
• A memory location whose contents
can be filled and changed during
program execution
– Each variable has a type and name
– Type defines the type of information
that can be stored in that memory
location
– Name is a label that allows us to refer
to that memory location
– int number1;
– float number2;
Memory
number1
name
number2
/* stores a natural number (152) */
/* stores a real number (65.324) */
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Variable Declaration
• The basic format for declaring variables is
datatype varName, varName, ... ;
where datatype may be
int
/* Stores a natural number, e.g., 34532 */
float /* Stores a real number, e.g., 15.342 */
double /* Also stores a real number, but more precision */
/* e.g., 345.22359573943 */
char
/* Stores an ASCII char, e.g., ‘A’ */
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Variable (Identifier) Names
• C identifiers consist of letters and digits in
any order, except that:
– The first character must be a letter
• fahrenheit, celsius, sum, a123, i1, i2, i3
– The identifier can be in lowercase or uppercase
– The upper and lower cases may be mixed
• sum, Sum, SUM
– The underscore (_) can be included and it can also
be the first char of the identifier
• total_sum, num_students, _localVar
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Variable (Identifier) Names (cont)
• C identifiers consist of letters and digits in
any order, except that:
– The identifiers should not contain a blank space,
hyphen or quotes
• “sum” : quotes(“) is illegal
• total-sum : illegal character ( - )
• total sum : blank space should not be there
– Identifier names are case-sensitive
• sum, Sum and sUm are all different identifiers
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Variable Examples & Assignment
int x;
/* Define 1 int */
float fahrenheit, celsius; /* Define 2 floats */
double d;
/* Define 1 double */
x = -85;
/* Assign -85 to x */
d = 3.4545673; /* Assign 3.4545673 to d */
fahrenheit = 75.0; /* Assign 75.0 to fahrenheit */
celsius = 23.4;
/* Assign 23.4 to celsius */
• = is the assignment operator
– Syntax: identifier = value;
– Changes the contents of the memory location that
the variable refers to
-85
3.4545673
75.0
23.4
x
d
fahrenheit
celsius
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Variable Declaration & Initialization
• Variables can be initialized during declaration
int sum = 32000;
/* can be positive */
int x = -23, y = 458; /* and negative */
float f1 = 34.5;
float fahrenheit = 75.3, celsius = 0;
double d1, d2 = -4.567; /* Can be negative */
double d3 = 5e+3; /* Scientific notation: 5x10^3 */
d1 = 675e-4;
/* 675x10^-4 = 0.0675 */
32000
-23
458
34.5
sum
x
y
f1
75.3
0.0
fahrenheit celsius
0.0675
-4.567
5000
d1
d2
d3
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Character Variables
• Represents a single character
– Characters are letters of the alphabet (both upper
and lower case)
– Ten digits 0 through 9
– Special symbols such as + $ . , - !
• Characters need to be enclosed in single quotes
– e.g. 'A'
char letter;
letter = 'A';
letter = ‘9’;
/* Letter A */
/* Digit 9 */
char letter = ‘c’; /* initialization */
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Character Variables (more)
• In fact, char corresponds to 1 byte natural
number
– char type variables occupy 1 byte in memory
• What’s really stored in a char variable is the
ASCII value of the character
– ASCII value of ‘A’ is 65
– ASCII value of ‘B’ is 66
– ASCII value of ‘0’ is 48
– ASCII value of ‘1’ is 49
– http://www.asciitable.com/
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ASCII Table
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Special Characters
• Characters are enclosed in single quotes
– How do I denote a single quote?
char letter;
letter = ''';
char letter;
letter = '\'';


• When a backslash (\) is used in front of a
character, the combination is called an
Escape Sequence
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Escape Sequences
• Combinations of a backslash (\) and a
character that tells the compiler to escape
from the ways these character would normally
be interpreted
• Commonly used escape sequences
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\n
\t
\\
\'
\"
move to next line
move to next tab setting
backslash character
single quote
double quote
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sizeof Operator
• You can learn the number of bytes that a
certain type occupies in memory using the sizeof
operator
int
int
int
int
a
b
c
d
=
=
=
=
sizeof(char);
sizeof(short);
sizeof(int);
sizeof(long);
/*
/*
/*
/*
Returns
Returns
Returns
Returns
1
2
4
4
*/
*/
*/
or 8 */
int e = sizeof(float); /* Returns 4 */
int f = sizeof(double); /* Returns 8 */
1
2
4
4/8
4
8
a
b
c
d
e
f
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Keyboard Input/ Display Output
• Achieved using scanf/printf functions
– Definitions of these functions are in <stdio.h>
– So we must include these definitions at the start
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
scanf();
printf();
} /* end-main */
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printf/scanf Functions
• Formatted input/output functions in C
– Definitions in standard I/O library <stdio.h>
– If we are using these functions in our programs, we
must include these definitions by #include <stdio.h>
at the beginning of our programs
printf(FormatString, expression1, expression2, …);
scanf(FormatString, &variable1, &variable2, …);
• FormatString is enclosed in double quotes
– “abcdxyz”
– “number is %d\n”
• Format specification %d is used to print an int
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printf Examples
int x = 45;
float y = 56.7;
printf(“What’s up?\n”);
/* Print a msg only */
printf(“Number x: %d, 2 times y: %f\n”, x, y);
Format section
Expression
section
printf(“Sum of x and y is %f\n”, x+y);
What’s up?
Number x: 45, 2 times y: 56.70000
Sum of x and y is 101.7000
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printf Format Specifiers
Character
Type
Output Format
c
char
A single-byte character
d
int
Signed decimal integer
f
float
Signed value having the form
[ – ]dddd.dddd, where dddd is one or more decimal digits
lf
double
Signed value having the form
[ – ]dddd.dddd, where dddd is one or more decimal digits
e
float
double
Signed real number having the form
[ – ]d.dddd e [sign]ddd
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printf Examples
printf(“First line.\nSecond line. Percent char %% XYZ\n”);
printf(“3rd line. Slash \\, single quote \`\n”);
printf(“4th line. Double quote \”. End\n”);
printf(“Line 5. char A: %c, ASCII value: %d\n”, ‘A’, ‘A’);
printf(“Line 6. Tab\tTab.\n”);
printf(“Line 7. Carriage return:\rOK\n”);
printf(“Line 8.\n”);
First line.
Second line. Percent char % XYZ
3rd line. Slash \\, single quote `
4th line. Double quote “. End
Line 5. char A: A, ASCII value: 65
Line 6. Tab Tab.
OKne 7. Carriage return:
Line 8.
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printf Examples
char c1 = ‘A’, c2 = ‘c’, c3 = ‘9’, c4 = ‘\\’;
int x = 11, y = 16;
float f = 56.7;
double d = 456.789345;
printf(“c1 is <%c>, c2 is <%c>, c3: <%c>, c4: <%c>\n”,
c1, c2, c3, c4);
printf(“x is <%d>, y is <%d>, avg is <%d>\n”, x, y, (x+y)/2);
printf(“Sum of <%f> and <%lf> is <%lf>\n”, f, d, f+d);
c1 is <A>, c2 is <c>, c3: <9>, c4: <\>
x is <11>, y is <16>, avg is <13>
Sum of <56.70000> and <456.7893450000000> is <513.4893450000000>
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printf:
Specifying Field Length & Justification
char c1 = ‘A’, c2 = ‘c’;
int x = 11, y = 16;
float f = 56.7;
double d = 456.789345;
printf(“+-------+-------+\n”);
printf(“|%7c|%-7c|\n”, c1, c2);
printf(“|%-7d|%7d|\n”, x, y);
printf(“|%7.2f|%-7.1lf|\n”, f, d);
Printf(“+-------+-------+\n”);
+-------+-------+
|
A|c
|
|11
|
16|
| 56.70| 456.7|
+-------+-------+
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More printf Examples
printf("%.9f\n", 300.00145678901f);
printf("%.19lf\n", 300.0014567890123456789);
300.001464844
300.0014567890123700000
float has 7 digit precision here (3000014)
double has 16 digits (3000014567890123)
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scanf Examples
char c;
int x;
float y;
double d;
scanf(“%d”, &x); /* Read 1 int */
Format
section
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•
•
•
“%c” char
“%d” int
“%f” float
“%lf” double
Variable
Address
scanf(“%c”, &c); /* Read 1 char */
scanf(“%f”, &y); /* Read 1 float */
scanf(“%lf”, &d); /* Read 1 double */
/* Read 1 int, 1 float, 1 double */
scanf(“%d%f%lf”, &x, &y, &d);
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getchar and putchar Functions
• getchar reads a single character from the keyboard
• putchar writes a single character on the screen
• Example:
char c;
printf(“What-to-do Menu \n”);
printf(“
(a) To write a C program \n”);
printf(“
(b) To go swimming \n”);
printf(“
(c) To watch TV \n”);
printf(“Select one option: ”);
c = getchar(); /* Read the user choice */
getchar();
/* Skip newline ‘\n’ char */
putchar(‘B’);
c = ‘Z’;
putchar(c);
/* Prints B on the screen */
/* prints Z on the screen */
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