Transcript Slide 1
A next generation neutrino telescope Els de Wolf Nikhef/University of Amsterdam on behalf of the KM3NeT consortium TeVPA 2008, 27 September 2008 Acronym for KM3Neutrino Telescope A research facility in the Mediterranean Sea Cubic kilometre size neutrino telescope Cabled observatory for Earth and Marine sciences 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf 2 38 institutes from: Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland Italy, Netherlands, Romania, Spain, UK + 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf + +.. 3 2π downward sensitivity assumed Visibility Galactic Centre 66% > 25% > 75% Angular resolution for E>10 TeV: ~0.1o 4 NOW 5 Made public April 2008 at VLVnT workshop in Toulon Being printed (already at www.km3net.org) Includes (a.o.): Science case Site studies Design goals Technical implementation 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf 6 Neutrino astroparticle physics Galactic and Extragalactic point sources Diffuse neutrino flux Dark Matter and exotics Neutrinos from Dark Matter annihilation Magnetic monopoles, nuclearites, strangelets, … Neutrino and particle physics (~105 νatm/year) UHE neutrino cross sections Muons (≥ 108 μatm/year) Prompt muons from heavy meson decay Earth and marine sciences Long-term, continuous measurements in deep-sea 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf 7 Geometry (~1 km3): 15 x 15 vertical detection units on rectangular grid 1 OM per storey 21 PMTs (3”) per OM Effective Area Horizontal OM-distance 95 m Vertical OM-distance 15.5 m 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf 8 Thesis S. Kuch, Erlangen 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf Muon energy reconstruction perfect Neutrino energies 1 TeV – 1 PeV ~50 times better than ANTARES ~3 times better than IceCube: Larger photocathode area Better angular resolution 9 Assuming E-2 neutrino energy spectrum 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf No energy reconstruction 10 Candidate for hadronic acceleration Source extension Φ ~ 1.3° ~75% of the time below the horizon → in 5 years: 5 neutrinos over 15 background events Kappes et al, astro-ph/0607286 Dornic et al, astro-ph/0711.2145 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf 11 0.5 events ± 1 order of magnitude uncertainty, very large model uncertainty Contribution GRBs to diffuse flux: few 10 neutrinos per year Slow jet model of core collapse SN seems promising for neutrino detection Predicted neutrino spectrum Dornic et al, NIM Physics A 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf 12 Neutrino flux from Cen A (~4 Mpc) Assuming 2 CR detected in a window of 3.2 degrees Few to several 10-3 neutrinos per year (very model dependent) 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf 13 Scan mSUGRA parameter space Focus on points compatible with WMAP data Detectability: Blue: ANTARES Green: KM3NeT 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf Longterm, continous measurements will open new applications KM3NeT will be a node in network for monitoring European coasts Sampling rates of order kHz i.s.o. 1/min or 1/hour 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf 15 A few examples Density of bioluminescence sources as function of depth estimated from measurements Deeper -> less BL Black: east Med. Sea. Grey: west Med. Sea. 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf 17 Using 460 nm light source Normalised to 2850 m depth Capo Passero Sicily, Italy Pylos Greece Also: sea currents, sedimentation, biofouling, radioactivity,… 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf 18 Use solar or wind energy at shore station 4.4 GWh/year during operation Requires investment of Wind map 4-5 M€ Only feasible if coupled to larger power network 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf 19 Substantially better sensitivity than IceCube > 1 km3 Core process: nm+N m+X at neutrino energies beyond 100 GeV Construction and deployment < 4 years Data taking period > 10 year Optimised for energy range 1 TeV – 1 PeV Angular resolution < 0.1o Zenith angle: Full acceptance for neutrinos originating from directions up to at least 10° above the horizon For energies > 100 TeV angular acceptance limited only by the absorption of the Earth 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf 21 A few examples With horizontal structures > 2 OMs per storey 1 large(10”) PMT per OM Copper/fiber readout No horizontal structures 1 OM per storey 31 small (3”) PMTs per OM Fiber readout Cost and reliability studied Further constraint towards final decision for TDR 23 1 x 10” PMT 31 x 3” PMTs 17”glass container Improved Antares OM with electronics inside Possibly with 13” glass container 17” glass container High 2 photon purity (sea background) Looking ~upwards (atm. muons) Large photocathode area 17” glass container 4 anodes + mirrors Direction sensitive 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf Further simulations required Costs and reliability studied 24 Hybrid solution: scintillator+small PMT Send photo electrons on scintillator Detect scintillator light with small PMT Very good photo-electron counting Large angular sensitivity CERN/Photonis/CPPM development 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf Quasar 370 (Baikal) 25 Using ships (lease or buy) or the Delta Berenike platform 26 Junction boxes (self made or buy) Remotely operated vehicle (lease or buy) Autonomous Undersea vehicle (buy) Also: power network and data network (redundancy) 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf 27 Wire/Fiber mix Copper in vertical cable Special ASIC off-shore Fiber only Possibly local coincidences off-shore Time-stamp off-shore Fibers in vertical cable Continuous sampling of TDC signal Minimal electronics off-shore Local coincidences on-shore Time stamp on-shore or offshore Cost and reliability studied Further constraint towards final decision for TDR 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf 28 New EU/FP7 funding instrument restricted to projects on the ESFRI roadmap KM3NeT proposal endorsed with 5 M€ 3-year project 2008-2011 Objectives: Definition of legal structure & governance Political convergence: site issue & funding Strategic issues: new partners, extendibility detector, multiple sites,… Operational phase: organisation & user communities Pre-procurement with industrial partners System prototyping 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf 29 Science case of KM3NeT shown: Neutrino (astro)particle physics Marine and Earth sciences Conceptual Design Report KM3NeT published Technical Design Report foreseen in October 2009 Working towards start of construction in 2011 KM3NeT will be a new generation facility: Point source sensitivity ~50 times that of ANTARES Point source sensitivity ~3 times that of IceCube Complementary with IceCube in field of view New opportunities for marine and earth sciences KM3NeT considers the concept of green energy New groups are more than welcome! 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf 30 Thank you! 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf 31 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf 32 • In Mediterranean Sea • All suitable with pros and cons: • ANTARES, France • NEMO, Sicily • NESTOR, Greece Decision requires scientific, technological and political input 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf 33 None optimal for ALL energies and directions Deployment and subsea-infrastructure also plays a role in decision 34 Devices installed around telescope Issues Interfaces Interference during data taking Synergy effects: Sharing environmental data 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf Hamamatsu ~43% Photonis ~55% 2 x higher Q.E. -> 2 x larger photocathode area Major gain in sensitivity 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf 36 Height ab. bottom (m) E.g.studies of Large-scale ocean circulation Specific processes, e.g. internal waves Effects on sediment and nutrients redistribution Temperature [12.3, 14.1]C Bio-acoustics … 27-09-2009 Els de Wolf H. vanHaren, NIOZ yearday 37