Transcript Child Budgeting in India

H
Child Budgeting in India
Dr. Loveleen Kacker
Ministry of Women and Child Development
April 25, 2006
1
Overview of the Situation in India
• Significant results have been achieved for children
and women in India over the past decade
• However, many trends in key indicators must
accelerate if the national development targets are
to be met
2
Even as some indicators on India show a
country that is “shining”…
• Significant economic progress
– Impressive economic growth since early 1990s
– Foreign Exchange reserves exceeding US$100 billion
– Global IT industry, outsourcing of business processes
• Growing global political influence and aspirations
– Seat on Security Council
– India as donor to other developing countries
– Global champion of democracy
3
… others show a worrisome stagnation in the
social sector
Income Growth vs. Infant Survival
4
Target is to reduce Infant Mortality Rate
(IMR) to 45 per 1000 live births by 2007
120
Deaths per 1,000 live births
100
80
60
55
60
There was good progress in infant
mortality reduction during the 1980s
...
40
20
Target :
45 by 2007
… but progress has slowed since 1993.
Source: Sample Registration System 2002, India
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
0
5
The national average IMR also conceals
significant disparities between the states...
Jammu & Kashmir
In 2003, there was a
77 point difference
between Orissa (87
per 1,000) and
Kerala (10 per
1,000)
Himachal Pradesh
Punjab
Chandigarh
U.T.
Haryana
Delhi
Rajasthan
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat
Daman
& Diu
Dadra
& Nagar
Haveli
Maharashtra
Deaths per 1,000 live births
14 - 30.60
30.60 - 47.20
47.20 - 63.80
63.80 - 80.40
80.40 - 97
Sikkim
Uttar Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Nagaland
Meghalaya
Bihar
Manipur
West Bengal Tripura
Mizoram
Orissa
Andhra Pradesh
Goa
Karnataka
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Pondicherry
Tamil Nadu
Kerala
Missing Data
Lakshadweep U.T.
Source: Sample Registration System
No te : The bo undaries and the names sho wn and the designatio ns used o n these maps do no t imply o fficial endo rsement o r acceptance by the United Natio ns.
6
Basic Child Health still needs to be improved
Proportion (%) of young children (0 to 3 years) who are
Not fully vaccinated
58
Not vaccinated at all
14
Birth was not preceded by any antenatal checkup
34
Suffer from moderate or severe anaemia
51
Had fever during the last two weeks
30
Had diarrhoea during the last two weeks
19
Had symptoms of acute respiratory infection during the last two
weeks
19
Source: NFHS 1998-99
Child malnutrition in India remains a serious
concern
34.5
India (% children moderately to
severly underweight)
43.6
28.7
60
55
50
45
40
35
53
34.6
34.7
47
24.3
20.6
51.7
50.6
36
24.1
37.9
54.4
30
25
20
27.5
48.7
55.1
45.1
1992-93
27.7
1998-99
54.4
49.6
Per cent
37.7
28.6
20-30
30-40
40-47
National Average and Above (47 +)
Source: NFHS 1 & 2, 1992-93 & 1998-99
43.9
26.9
36.7
8
Universal Primary Education has not yet been
achieved
Children age 5-14 years currently attending school, 2000
87.3
85.7
81.4
79.3
76.1
73.1
71.8
59.2
Total
Male
Female
Urban
Rural
SC
ST
Others
9
Source: MICS, 2000
Literacy rates have improved in the last
decade
Increase in Literacy ( 1991-2001)
90
80.1
80
75.6
72.2
70
65.2
63.2
59.2
60
54
51.5
50
44
40
38.7
1991
2001
30
20
10
0
10
The girl child continues to be fatally
discriminated against in many areas
Child Sex Ratio 2001 (by district)
Females per 1000 males
766 - 850
851 - 900
901 - 927
928 - 1035
Missing data
11
Child Protection issues must also be addressed
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Birth registration
Street children
Child labour
Child marriage
Trafficking in children
Juvenile justice
Orphans/abandoned/destitute children
Adoption
12
The 10th Plan outlines ambitious targets
• Reduce IMR to 45 per 1,000 live births by 2007
• All children in school by 2003, all children to
complete five years of schooling by 2007
• Reduce the gender gap in literacy by at least 50% by
2007
• Increase literacy rates to 75 per cent by 2007
• Reduce Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) to 2 per
1000 live births by 2007
The challenge is to ensure economic progress translates
into social development
13
Rationale for Child Budgeting
• In unequal societies, protecting children´s rights (eg: health,
education, nutrition) requires distribution of resources via State
action (taxation and social spending)
• The current insufficient level of public resources allocated to the
social sector is one important reason for this slow rate of
progress.
• To secure children´s rights effectively, adequate funding is a
necessary, but not sufficient condition
• Article 4 of the Convention of the Rights of the Child notes the
obligation of States to implement rights to the maximum extent
of their available resource; this implies an analysis of public
budgets, including its effects on children, is necessary
14
Child Budgeting is one way to address
these concerns and promote child rights
• Child Budgeting is an attempt to examine what
resources government is allocating to programmes
that benefit children, and whether these
programmes adequately reflect the needs and
rights of children.
• Several questions arise:
– Does the State have enough resources?
– Will these resources be available in a timely
manner?
– Are these resources used in an efficient and
equitable way?
15
Objectives of a child budget initiative
1. Higher allocations for children in public
budgets as required to reach national
development targets and the MDGs
2. Improved utilisation of allocated provisions,
through fiscal decentralization, participation,
transparency and accountability
16
Child Budgeting initiatives are underway in
numerous different countries
• Australia: “women’s budget” since 1984
• South Africa: children’s budget project since 1994
• Brazil: children’s budget project since 2001-2
• Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania: children’s budget
project since 2005
17
The allocations for flagship programmes in
2006-7 increased by nearly 50% from 2005-6
Allocations for Flagship Programmes
(INR crores)
Flagship Programme
National Rural Employment Gurantee Scheme
Sarva Siksha Abhiyan
National Rural Health Mission
Mid-day Meal Scheme
Rajive Gandhi Drinking Water Mission
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
Integrated Child Development Services
Total Sanitation Campaign
Total:
2005-6
11,000
7,156
6,553
3,010
3,645
N/A
3,315
630
35,309
2006-7
14,300
10,041
8,207
4,813
4,680
4,595
4,087
800
51,523
18
Social sector expenditures have been increasing…
• Growing economy
• Increased policy efforts and expansion of programmes
Union Govt. Expenditure on Social Services as a Proportion of GDP (%)
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
RE
200607BE
19
Health expenditure, public (% GDP)
India
Pakistan
Sri
Thailand
UK
Japan
Australia
Canada
France
Germany
0
2
4
6
8
10
20
Health expenditure, private (% GDP)
India
Pakistan
Germany
Canada
Australia
France
Sri Lanka
Japan
Thailand
United Kingdom
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
21
…but this is still low in comparison to other
developing countries
% of Central Govt. Expenditure Allocated to Social Sectors
(1993-2004)
20
18
18
16
14
11
12
10
Bangladesh
Developing Countries
7
8
6
4
India
4
2
2
2
0
Health
Education
Source: State of the World's Children 2006
This is especially concerning since children comprise over
one-third of India’s population
22
Total budgetary provisions for children as a
proportion of total expenditure has increased
• 2.11% in 2001-02 (RE) to 4.86 % in 2006-07
• Child Protection continues to be neglected
Allocations on Children as a Proportion of Total
Expenditure by Union Government
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Protection
Education
Health
Development
2001-02
RE
2002-03
RE
2003-04
RE
2004-05
RE
2005-06
RE
2006-07
BE
23
Central Plan Outlay in Core Rs.
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
% increase
since 99/00
Elementary Education
2852
3150
3732
4302
4900
8000
12532
339
Health
1062
1250
1393
1480
1651
2211
2908
174
Family Welfare
3120
3200
3506
4174
4955
5300
6424
106
Women & Child
Development
1250
1350
1642
2085
2600
2400
3875
210
2250
2750
3300
4750
Water & Sanitation
24
Source: Government of India, Budget Document
Child Budgeting in India
Of every 100 Rupee allocated by the government, only three rupees and
seventy-seven paise is being allocated for children
Total Union Budget
Child Budget
Child Development
Child Health
Education
Child Protection
25
Percentage Share of Various Sectors in the
Total Child Budget
Year
Total Child
Budget
% Share of
Child
Developme
nt
% Share of
Child
Health
% Share of
Education
(DWCD)
(Health and
Family Welfare)
(Elementary and
Secondary
Education)
% Share of
Child
Protection
(MSJE and
Labour)
2003-04
10234.73
21.4
14.7
62.9
1.0
2004-05
11678.02
17.3
17.3
64.2
1.2
Data: GOI Expenditure Budget 2003-04, 2004-05 (Vols 1&2).
Source: HAQ Centre for Child Rights
26
Changes in expenditure on education and health as proportion of
total expenditure (all states)
Year
Education
Health
2000-01
17.4
4.7
2001-02
16.1
4.4
2002-03
15
4.1
2003-04
12.6
3.6
2004-05
13.4
3.8
27
Importance of States
• States are primarily responsible for the provision
of social sector services, yet are dependent to a
certain extent on flows from the Central
government.
• Ironically, state governments tend to cut back their
spending as allocations by the Centre increase.
• There is a wide variance across states in social
sector expenditures
28
Issues for concern
• Weak monitoring systems and limited use of evidence at
local levels: Absence of performance appraisal – field
reports are not verified, quality is not measured
• Poor accountability & high absenteeism: Frequent
transfers, vacant posts particularly in remote locations,
poor performance of service-providers
• Uncertainty about release of funds
• Predominance of vertical, issue-specific approaches: about
240 centrally sponsored schemes to monitor
• Low levels of community involvement in management of
services
• Management and systemic bottlenecks particularly in
disadvantaged states
• Greater efforts to improve delivery needed in poorer states
29
which have capacity constraints
Taking Child Budgeting forward…
• State-level exercises on Child Budgeting, led by
the Ministry of Women and Child Development in
partnership with Planning and Finance
Departments are being initiated in 2006 across the
country
• These are aimed at strengthening the planning
process for the 11th Plan period (2007-2012) and
beyond.
30
…will go hand in hand with the Outlays to
Outcomes initiative
• Shift focus from input controls to monitoring of
outcomes
- Develop intermediate and final outcome
indicators, and collect reliable information, even
on a sample basis
- Use available information for remedial action
- Improve M & E capacity within & outside
government
• Encourage knowledge based advocacy
- Collect best practices
31
Conclusions: The Challenges we Face
• Reducing inequalities is a key priority for children
• Progress is not taking place at a fast enough rate to
constitute real change
• While overall resources for the social sectors are
increasing, we need better targeting to ensure that
all child-related needs are adequately resourced
• Overhaul of budgeting and management systems
required to ensure that outlays are increased and
translate into meaningful outcomes for all children
32
Way Forward
• Increased allocation for children’s issues
• Improved implementation and utilization: put
systems in place for improved delivery and
monitoring
• Suggestion is that review workshops be held in
each state to review progress, analyze budgets and
develop action plans
– UP, Chattisgargh to hold theirs in May
33
Child Budgeting Methodology/Data Sources
• Union Budget documents, in particular the Annual
Financial Statement and Expenditure Budget Vol. II (Notes
on Demands for Grants), for various years. Data for Union
Government’s expenditures on Social Services have been
collected from the Annual Financial Statements (AFS).
Data for Union Government’s allocations for programmes/
schemes meant specifically for children have been taken
mainly from Expenditure Budget Vol. II (Notes on
demands for Grants) for various years.
• Selection of programmes/ schemes (from among all
programmes/ schemes funded by the Union Government)
as directly addressing the specific needs of children is a
subjective exercise,
34