Transcript PAIN LECTURE - Stacy House

Culture
Mary Roche, RN, MSN, CS
Community College of Rhode Island
November 2003
Mary Roche, RN, MSN, CS
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Course Objective
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Based on Chapter 3 - Cultural Context of Practice,
Fundamentals of Nursing - Caring and Clinical
Judgment, Harkreader and Hogan, Copyright 2004,
Elsevier Science
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Objectives
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Culture and Ethnicity as they relate to the
delivery of Nursing Care
Define Humanistic Care
Trans-cultural Nursing
Dangers of stereotyping
Effects of cultural characteristics
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What is Culture?
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Culture can be defined as:
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a patterned behavioral response that develops
over time
as a consequence of imprinting the mind
through social and religious structures,
and intellectual and artistic manifestations.
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- Tiger & Davidhizar (1999)
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Culture
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Is shaped by values, beliefs, norms, and
practices held in common by members of
the cultural group.
It guides a person’s thinking, acting, and
being, and it becomes a patterned
expression for that person.
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Ethnicity
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Refers to groups of people of the same
race or national origin that are distinctive
based on traditions of religion, language,
or appearance.
A person’s ethnicity reflects the
characteristics a group may share in some
combination.
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Multicultural Society
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A society composed of more than one
culture or subculture.
Includes many groups
Interests and values help to create a
social order
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The United States
European American
 Germany
 England
 Wales
 Ireland
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Japan
Philippines
Greece
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New Arrivals
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Vietnam
Laos
Combodia
Cuba
Haiti
Mexico
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South America
Central America
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Special Considerations
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Stereotypes
Prejudices
Political Correctness
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Stereotype
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Function: noun
a plate cast from a printing surface
2 : something conforming to a fixed or general pattern;
especially :
a standardized mental picture
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that is held in common by members of a group,
and that represents
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an oversimplified opinion,
prejudiced attitude,
or uncritical judgment
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ste·reo·type
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Function: transitive verb
1 : to make a stereotype from
2 a : to repeat without variation : make
hackneyed
2 b : to develop a mental stereotype
about
- ste·reo·typ·er noun
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prej·u·dice
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Function: noun
1 : injury or damage
1prej·u·dice
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resulting from some judgment or action of
another
in disregard of one's rights;
especially : detriment to one's legal rights or
claims
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prej·u·dice
a (1) : preconceived judgment or opinion (2) : an
adverse opinion or leaning formed without just
grounds or before sufficient knowledge
b : an instance of such judgment or opinion
c : an irrational attitude of hostility directed
against an individual, a group, a race, or their
supposed characteristics
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Political Correctness
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1.
2.
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politically correct adj. Abbr. PC
Of, relating to, or supporting broad social, political, and
educational change, especially to redress historical
injustices in matters such as race, class, gender, and
sexual orientation.
Being or perceived as being over concerned with such
change, often to the exclusion of other matters.
political correctness n.
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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Political Correctness
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Main Entry: political correctness
Function: noun
Date: 1990
: conformity to a belief that language and
practices which could offend political
sensibilities should be eliminated
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Transcultural Nursing
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Culturally competent nursing care
Focused on differences and similarities
among cultures
Based on client’s
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Cultural values
Beliefs, and
Practices
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Benefits
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Increased understanding of health care
behavior
Improved health
Improved compliance
Increased satisfaction with services
Creation of cross cultural methods and
techniques
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Humanistic Care
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Includes understanding and knowing a
client in as natural or human a way as
possible…
While helping or guiding the client to:
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achieve certain goals,
make improvements,
reduce discomforts,
or face disability or death.
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Ethnocentricity
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The belief that one’s own ethnic beliefs,
customs and attitudes are correct and
thus superior.
Produces conflict between cultural groups.
Goal:
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Identify beliefs and values that are common
across all cultures.
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Stereotyping
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The assumption that an attribute present
in some members of a group is present in
all its members.
A dangerous way of characterizing other
people, even when the assumption may
have some elements of truth.
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Cultural Competence
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Having enough knowledge of cultural
groups
that are different from your own
to be able to interact with a member of a
group in a manner
that makes the person feel respected and
understood.
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Attributes
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Awareness
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Sensitivity
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Recognizing possible different meanings
Recognition
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Recognizing values and beliefs
Customs and Behaviors
Respect
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Important attitude to convey
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Attributes
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Compromise
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There is more than one way to do anything.
Diversity and Universality
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Universality - a common mode or value of
caring or a prevailing pattern of care across
cultures.
Diversity - differences in modes or patterns of
care between cultures.
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Transcultural Assessment
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Six Cultural Phenomena
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Communication
Space
Social organization
Time
Environment control
Biological variation
Giger and Davidhizar (1999) Model
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Communication
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A continuous process by which one
person may affect another through
written or oral language, gestures, facial
expressions, body language, space, or
other symbols
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Space
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The area around a person’s body that
includes the individual body, surrounding
environment, and objects within that
environment.
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Social Organization
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The aggregate of family and other groups
within a society that dictates culturally
accepted role behaviors and rules of
behavior.
Behaviors are prescribed for such
significant life events as birth, death,
childbearing, and illness.
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Time Orientation
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A person’s focus of the past, the present,
or the future.
Most cultures include all three time
orientations, but one orientation is more
likely to dominate the cultural perspective.
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Environmental Control
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The perceived ability of an individual or
persons from a particular cultural group to
plan activities that control nature, such as
illness causation and treatment
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Biological Variation
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Biological differences among racial and
ethnic groups may include physical
characteristics, such as skin color, and
physiological variations, such as lactose
intolerance
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Specific Cultures
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European Americans
African Americans
Hispanic Americans
Asian Americans
Native Americans
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European [Irish] Americans
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Significance of family and family structure with
close family bonds.
Religion and religious views are of paramount
importance to some IA’s.
Ignoring bodily complaints appears to be a
culturally prescribed and supported defense
mechanism.
Ignoring and denying seems to be the typical
way to cope with psychological and
physiological needs.
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African Americans
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African-American vs. Black
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‘African-American’ places the emphasis on
cultural heritage.
‘Black’ emphasizes biological racial identity.
The African-American community has
maintained a core of strength through its
churches and schools.
Grandmothers play an active role in the
lives of the A-A family.
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African Americans
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Local hospitals are avoided except in
extreme emergencies.
Fear of hospitals has grown out of:
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lack of access to health care facilities, and
concern that equal treatment will not be
offerd.
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Hispanic [Mexican] Americans
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The strength of the nuclear family is the
foundation of the Mexican-American
community.
They perceive life as being under the
influence of a divine will.
They perceive good health as the result of
good luck or a reward from God for good
behavior.
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Hispanic [Mexican] Americans
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Illness may be viewed as an imbalance in
the individual’s body or as a punishment
for wrongdoing.
Diabetes among MA’s is 5 times the
national average.
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Asian [Chinese] Americans
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Chinese - a person is expected to
demonstrate virtues, to exert self-control,
to be self-reliant, and to behave modestly.
Chinese Americans may be group
oriented.
They may suppress negative emotions,
such as anger, sadness, worry, and
depression.
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Asian [Chinese] Americans
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CA’s tend to have a hierarchy in the social
and family structure.
Chinese culture expects children to take
care of their parents when they grow up.
May take Western medicines together
with Chinese herbal medicines.
May develop side effects or toxic effects
when they take the dosages usually
prescribed for whites.
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Native [Navajo] Americans
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Navajo culture is very family oriented.
Navajo people believe that family
members are responsible for each other.
Health - reflects living in total harmony
with nature.
Illness is viewed as a price being paid for
something past or future.
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Native [Navajo] Americans
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To the Navajo, treatment of an illness
must be concerned with the external
causative factors and not with the disease
or injury itself.
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Presentation Credits
This presentation was developed under contact with Peter Martin, dba
Stacy House Designs for Mary Roche.
The presentation is the sole, copyrighted property of Mary Roche.
Copies of this and other presentations can be seen on the Internet at
http://www.stacyhouse.com. Please fill out the guestbook
selection when visiting that site.
Thank you.
Mary Roche & Peter Martin
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Thank You for Your Attention
Mary Roche, MSN, RN, CS
7/17/2015
Mary Roche, RN, MSN, CS
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The End
Mary Roche, MSN, RN, CS
7/17/2015
Mary Roche, RN, MSN, CS
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The End
Mary Roche, MSN, RN, CS
7/17/2015
Mary Roche, RN, MSN, CS
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