Transcript 4 BIO-HEAT - Resource Efficient Agricultural

BIO-HEAT From Small-Scale
Bioenergy Systems
Roger Samson
Resource Efficient Agricultural Production
(REAP)-CANADA
Box 125 Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec
[email protected]
REAP-Canada
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Providing leadership in the research and
development of sustainable agricultural biofuels
and bioenergy conversion systems for greenhouse
gas mitigation
14 years of R & D on energy crops and the pellet
biofuel heat opportunity in Canada
Working in China, Philippines and West Africa on
bioenergy
and rural development
projects
BIO-HEAT:The Small-Scale Energy
Technology Opportunities
Opportunities for Ontario, North America
and China
 Biofuel Feedstock: woody materials, grains
and energy crops
 Technology Options: advanced pellet
burning appliances and log boilers
 Economics and energy balances

Space and Water Heating in the Residential
Sector by Type of Building in Ontario
(2001)
300
250
Energy Use (PJ)
200
150
100
50
0
Single Detached
Single Attached
Apartments
Type of Building
Space Heating
Water Heating
Mobile Homes
Residential Space and Water Heating
Energy Use in Ontario (2001)
300
Energy Use (PJ)
250
200
150
100
50
0
Natural Gas
Electricity
Heating Oil
Wood
Energy Source
Space Heating
Water Heating
Propane
$6 Billion Spent Annually on Residential
Space and Water Heating in Ontario (2001)
4.0
3.5
Energy Cost (billion $)
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Natural Gas
Electricity
Heating Oil
Energy Source
Space Heating
Water Heating
Propane
Our Main Fuel in Ontario is Natural Gas, but where are
Natural Gas Prices Headed in North America?
Residential Prices of Natural Gas, USA, in US Dollars per Cubic
Metre,1981-2004
0.3000
0.2000
0.1500
0.1000
0.0500
(J
an
-M
ar
19 )
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
20
02
04
(O 20
ct 03
-F
eb
)
0.0000
19
81
USD per Cubic Metre
0.2500
Year
Nominal USD per C ubic Metre
Fuel Supply Options for a Small Scale Technologies for
BIO-HEAT in Ontario
1. Pellets:
Wood Residues
Crop Residues: oat and corn milling
Grains: corn, oats, rye, barley
Bioenergy Crops: switchgrass
2. Round-Wood
Canada’s Surplus Wood Residues
(1990-1998) (Hatton 1999)
Farmland in North America and
Potential for Biofuel Production
Land
use
Millions
of
Hectares
Area for
Potential perennial
biofuel
grass production**
production* (million tonnes)
(million ha)
Solar
energy
collected
(Billions
GJ)
Canada
68
9.5
56
1.03
U.S.A.
377
52.4
425
7.86
* Estimated 13.9% land converted to bioenergy grasses
** Assumed hay yields of 5.9 tonne/ha in Canada, 8.1 tonne/ha U.S
Net Energy Gain and Land Use Efficiency in
Ontario
Switch- Co-firing
grass
switchfuel
grass
pellets with coal
Biomass yield
per hectare (ODT)
Direct biomass
energy yield
(GJ/ha)
Energy yield
after conversion
(GJ/ha)
Energy consumed
in production &
conversion (GJ/ha)
Net energy gain
(GJ/ha)
Switchgrass
cellulosic
ethanol
and electricity
Grain corn
ethanol
10
10
10
6.5
185
185
185
136.5
175.8
58.3
64.2+
coproducts
12.7
11.1
73.0 (67.2
ethanol + 5.8
electricity)
15.9
163.1
47.2
57.1
42.8+
coproducts
credits
21.4
New Advances in Pellet Combustion
Technologies
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Dellpoint Gasifier
Pellet stove and
Boiler has 85%
efficiency and can
burn bark, crop
residue and
switchgrass pellets
and feed grains
Estimated Fuel Costs for Residential Space
Heating in Ontario (2004)
$3,000
Cost for 100 GJ Heat Demand ($)
$2,500
$2,000
$1,500
$1,000
$500
$0
Electricity
($0.102/kWh)
Heating Oil
($0.59/l)
Natural Gas
($0.41/m3)
Corn
($189.39/tonne)
Fuel Source and Cost
Wood Pellets
($192.60/tonne)
Switchgrass
Pellets
($181.90/tonne)
In Rural areas: Simple updraft Outdoor Wood
Boilers are popular, but they are not efficient or
clean burning
30 KW Laowan-Brage Wood Boiler:
an advanced log boiler technology
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Down draft combustion
with 81% efficiency
Built-in heat storage (2
m3)
Built-in expansion vessel
No need of loading
pump/mixing valve
Natural draft – no problem
with power-outages
REDUCING COAL USE IN CHINA
China is the largest coal producer and user in the world
 1.7 Billion tonnes of coal used accounts for 70% of total
energy consumption
 China produces about 12% of world Greenhouse Gas
(GHG) emissions
 85% of Chinese GHG Emissions are from coal
 Burning coal causes other serious problems including
acid rain and poor air quality
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CHINA’s NEW BIO-HEAT OPPORTUNITY
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China is already a major producer and user of biofuels in
rural areas, however this energy is used inefficiently.
China has 350-370 million tonnes of crop residues
available for energy applications and 160 million tonnes of
wood fuels, these bio-resources contains the equivalent
energy of approximately 450 million tonnes of coal (or
approximately 1/3rd of current coal production in China).
China could additionally cultivate 50 million tonnes of fast
growing energy crops on marginal farmlands
Where will Densified Fuels (pellets and cubes) in
China come from in the Future?
Crop Residues
New Bioenergy Crops
Switchgrass
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Sunflower Hulls and
Stalks
Corn Cobs and Stalks
Soybean Stalks
Cotton Stalks
100
80
60
40
20
Year
Crop Residues
BioEnergy Crops
20
19
20
17
20
15
20
13
20
11
20
09
20
07
0
20
05
Pellet production (million tonnes)
Growth Scenario for Pellets and Cubes for BIO-HEAT in
China
Estimated Fuel Costs for Space Heating in Beijing, 2004
Energy Content
(GJ/unit)
Cost per GJ
($/GJ)
Efficiency
Cost per GJ
Heat Delivered
($/GJ)
$18.52
$8.14
$7.00
$2.95
100%
90%
45%
65%
$18.52
$9.04
$15.55
$4.54
$3.81
$3.81
80%
80%
$4.76
$4.76
Cost per Unit ($/unit)
Unit
Conventional Fuels:
Electricity
Natural Gas
Coal briquettes
Coal
$0.067
$0.30
$96.97
60.61
kWh
m3
tonne
tonne
0.0036
0.03723
13.86
20.52
BioFuels:
Soybean Straw Pellets
Wood Pellets
$66.67
$66.67
tonne
tonne
17.5
17.5
Sustainable Development Outcomes
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Reduction of GHG’s, local air pollution and soil erosion
Promotion of renewable energy and increasing energy selfreliance for China
Reducing poverty by creating new rural employment in
pellet processing and revenue opportunities for farmers to
cultivate perennial energy crops and harvest crop stalks
China could displace 10% of its coal use in heat related
energy applications
Summary
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Direct Combustion of densified fuels represents
the best biofuel cycle in terms of energy, land use
and economics
Could provide a substantial new GHG friendly
energy resource for North America and developing
economies to displace declining fossil fuel
reserves