Transcript Problem solving and Critical thinking in ELT

Problem Solving and
Critical Thinking
in ELT
Awad Al Sheikh, Rasha Dahman & Fida Abu Eid
Presentation outline
• Why teaching Critical Thinking and
Problem Solving is important
• Nature of Critical Thinking and Problem
Solving
• Characteristics of an effective Critical
Thinker
• Challenges to teaching Critical Thinking
In your group discuss what you
think the following proverb means
for you as a teacher 
If I hear it, I forget it .
If I see it, I remember it .
If I do it, I know it .
What is Critical Thinking?
The art of thinking about your thinking,
while you’re thinking, so as to make your
thinking more clear, precise, accurate,
relevant, consistent, and fair; the art of
constructive skepticism; the art of
identifying and removing bias…and onesidedness of thought; the art of selfdirected, in-depth thinking…
(Paul, 1990)
Critical Thinking is :
1. “interpreting, analyzing or evaluating information,
arguments or experiences with a set of reflective
attitudes, skills, and abilities”
2. “reasonable reflective thinking that is focused on
deciding what to do and what to believe” OR “to guide
our thoughts, beliefs and actions”
3. “examining the thinking of others to improve our own”
Elements of Critical
Thinking
1. Observation:
From
a
series
of
observations, we can come to establish:
2. Facts: From a series of facts, or an
absence of facts, we make:
3. Inferences: Testing the validity of our
inferences, we make :
4. Assumptions: From our assumptions, we
form our…
5.Opinions: Taking our opinions, we use
the principles of logic to develop:
6.Arguments: When we want to
challenge the arguments of others,
we employ:
7.Critical analysis
Activity
Thinking about your students, which of the
elements above are your students capable of ?
Bloom’s Taxonomy of Thinking
Skills
• Knowledge – facts or bits of information
• Comprehension – understanding what
information means
• Application – finding a practical use for
the knowledge
• Analysis – breaking down the knowledge
into component parts
• Synthesis – connecting knowledge to other
knowledge and devising something new
• Evaluation – judging knowledge
Why is Critical Thinking
important?
• Critical thinking prepares students to
educate themselves for the rest of their
lives
• Critical thinking skills are necessary for
success in many fields
• Critical thinkers are less likely to just go
along with the crowd, and…
• Passing the new Tawjihi !! 
Read the following story, and then do the activity
at the end:
Napoleon Brown lives on the fourth floor of a
block of flats. Every day he goes downstairs at 7:30,
takes the bus from the end of the street at around
7:35 and arrives at his office at about 8 o'clock.
When the weather is fine, he rushes into the lift
and takes the lift to the fourth floor. He gets out
and walks up to the fifth floor where his office is,
and starts work at around 8:15. When the weather is
bad, he takes the lift right up to the fifth floor. He
works until 5 p.m.,then takes the lift down to the
lobby and hurries to the bus stop to get his bus
home. At home, he takes the lift up to his flat.
In your groups, do the following:
1. Read the story quickly (1 minute only!)
2. Write questions that start with the
following words: what, when, where, how,
why, how often, what do you think,
could… on the papers provided
3. Swap your papers with another group
4. Answer their questions, on the back of
their papers
5. Discuss the answers of the other groups
together
How to teach
Critical Thinking?
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Use analogies
Promote interaction among students
Ask open-ended questions
Allow sufficient time for reflection
Teach students to apply knowledge
to other domains
• Use real-life problems
• Allow thinking practice
Developing
Creativity
Exposure to
creative examples
Teacher models
creative approaches
through activities
Encourage students
to play with words &
ideas
task,
problem,
challenge
Students draw on
existing
knowledge of
world
Students draw
on specific skills
in English
outcome
Meta-cognitive
reflection on
process
Students’ evaluation
Developing thinking skills through
questioning
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Why do I ask questions in teaching?
What about students asking questions?
Why are students’ questions important?
What types of questions are there?
What should we avoid in questioning?
Is there a simple way to develop questioning?
How can I follow up a question?
Why is waiting in questioning a good idea?
How does questioning develop language and
thinking?
• What are some alternatives to direct questioning?
How can these proverbs help our
students to improve their critical
thinking skills?
He that nothing questions,
nothing learns.
If you are ashamed to ask questions,
you will only lose your way.
Questioning is the door of knowledge.
He who asks a question is a fool for five
minutes; he who does not ask a question
remains a fool forever.
It is not disgraceful to ask: it
is disgraceful not to ask.
Problem Solving…
… is a mental process whereby an
individual utilizes his/her previous
knowledge and experience to respond
to the requirements of an unfamiliar
situation. The response should seek
out the conflict or ambiguity of the
situation.
Activity
What are the steps to solving problems?
The Steps to Problem Solving
1- Defining the problem
2- Gathering information
3- Studying and analyzing the collected
information
4- Suggesting solutions
5- Evaluating the suggested solutions
6- Solving the problem
Activity
You’ll be given a problem - try to apply these steps in order to
solve it.
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Challenges and Barriers to
Teaching CT
Student fear
Impulsiveness
Overdependence on the teacher
Missing the meaning
Inflexibility
Lack of confidence
Dogmatic, assertive behavior
Inability to concentrate
Unwillingness to think
(Raths, et al., 1986)
Teachers’ roles
• change participation practices
gradually: start with brief, focused
activities, then later proceed to
longer or more complex ones
• model thoughtfulness, creativity &
socio-cultural awareness in own
behaviour; give examples of these
• encourage active participation &
relevant uses of English; recognize
thoughtful & creative contributions
Wrap-Up
• Share your revisions with the entire
group
• Questions and observations…
Thank you for coming! 