COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

(P175B125)

Assoc.Prof.

Stasys Maciulevičius

Computer Dept.

[email protected]

Peripheral equipment

 

Peripheral equipment

is electronic equipment that can be plugged into a computer using one of its input/output interfaces (serial port, parallel port, USB bus, FireWire bus, SCSI interface, etc.), most often by using a connector Periphery equipment is therefore external computer components 2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 2

Peripheral equipment

 Peripheral equipment is generally grouped into the following categories: 

storage equipment

: input/output equipment that can    permanently store data (hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, etc.);

display equipment

: output equipment that provides a visual representation to the user, such as a monitor;

capture equipment

: allows the computer to receive specific data such as video data or scanner;

input equipment

: equipment only capable of sending information to a computer, for example pointing devices (mouse) or the keyoard.

©S.Maciulevičius 2013 3

External memory

    As long-term storage in computers are used:  hard disk drives (HD) flash memory SSD CD-ROM, CDs (optical compact discs) DVDs   2013 floppy disks (outdated) strimmers.

©S.Maciulevičius 4

Compact Discs

The

Compact Disc

was invented by

Sony

and

Philips

in 1981 in order to serve as a high-quality compact audio storage device which allowed for direct access to digital sound tracks ©S.Maciulevičius 2013 5

CD geometry

  A

CD

is an optical disc 12cm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick (its thickness may vary from 1.1 to 1.5 mm) for storing digital information: up to 650 MB of computer data (equivalent to 300,000 typed pages) or 74 minutes of audio data A circular hole 15mm in diameter is used to centre it on the CD player's surface. 2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 6

Operation

  The read head is made of a laser which emits a beam of light, and a photoelectric cell which captures the reflected beam CD players use an infrared laser (with a wavelength of 780 nm), as it is compact and inexpensive ©S.Maciulevičius 2013 7

Operating modes

CD has two basic operating modes:   Reading at a the read head

constant linear velocity

(

CLV

). This was the operating mode of the earliest CD-ROM drives, based on how CD audio players and even old turntables work. When a disc turns, the grooves closer to the centre run more slowly than the grooves on the outer edge, so the read speed (and therefore the speed at which the disc rotates) has to adjust based on the radial position of

Reading at a constant angular velocity

adjusting the information density depending on where the data is located, so that the rotation speed is the same at every point on the disc. This means that data density will be lower on the edge of the disc and higher near the centre (

CAV

) involves 2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 8

CD standards

  There are numerous standards describing the ways in which information must be stored on a compact disc, depending on how it is to be used These standards are set out in documents called

books

, each of which has a colour assigned to it 

Red book

: Developed in 1980 by Sony and Philips, it describes the physical format of a CD and the encoding method for an audio CD. It defines a sample rate of 44.1 kHz and 16-bit resolution (in stereo) for recording audio data ©S.Maciulevičius 2013 9

CD standards



Yellow book

: Developed in 1984 in order to describe the physical format for data CDs (

CD-ROM

for

Compact Disc Read Only Memory

). It includes two modes: 

CD-ROM Mode 1

, used for storing data with error  correction (called ECC, for Error Correction Code) in order to avoid losing data due to degradation of the disc.

CD-ROM Mode 2

, used for storing compressed graphical, video, and audio data. To be able to read this type of CD ROM, a drive must be Mode 2 compatibe 2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 10

CD standards

 Four more standards: 

Green book

: Physical specifications for a CD-I (

CD Interactive

, by Philips) 

Orange book

: Physical format for writable CDs. It is divided into three sections: 

Part I

: The CD-MO format (magneto-optical disks) 

Part II

: The CD-WO format (

Write Once

, now called  

CD-R

) 

Part III

: The CD-RW format (

CD Rewritable

)

White book

: Physical format for video CDS (

VCD

)

Blue book

: Physical format for "Extra" CDs (

CD-X

2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 11

CD-ROM format

 A CD-ROM

sector

contains 2352 bytes, divided into 98 24-byte frames

Layout Type

CD Digital Audio:

← 2,352 bytes block →

2352 bytes of Digital Audio

CD-ROM (MODE1):

124 2048 bytes of user data 4 8 276

CD-ROM (MODE2):

124 2336 bytes of user data 2013 Sync Sector ID Error detection blank/null Error detection ©S.Maciulevičius 12

Data Transfer Speeds

   CD-ROM drives are rated with a speed factor relative to music CDs (1x or 1-speed which gives a data transfer rate of 150 KiB per second). 12x drives were common in April 1997 Above 12x speed, there are problems with vibration and heat Constant angular velocity (CAV) drives give speeds up to 20x but due to the nature of CAV the actual throughput increase over 12x is less than 20/12 2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 13

Data Transfer Speeds

Transfer Speed KiB/s

1x 2x

150 300

4x 8x 10x 12x 20x 32x

600 1200 1500 1800 3000 4800

Mbit/s

1.2288

2.4576

4.9152

9.8304

12.2880

14.7456

24.5760

39.3216

2013 ©S.Maciulevičius

Transfer Speed KiB/s

36x 40x 48x 50x 52x 56x 72x

5400 6000 7200 7500 7800 8400

Mbit/s

44.2368

49.1520

58.9824

61.4400

63.8976

68.8128

10800 88.4736

14

CD capacity

Type

8 cm

Sectors Data max size (MB) (MiB) (approx) Audio max size (MB)

94,500 193.536

283,500 580.608

650 MB

333,000 681.984

700 MB

360,000 737.280

800 MB

405,000 829.440

900 MB

445,500 912.384

184.570

553.711

650.391

703.125

791.016

870.117

222.264

666.792

783.216

846.720

952.560

1,047.816

Time (min)

21 63 74 80 90 99

Note

: 90 and 99 minute discs are not standard ©S.Maciulevičius 15 2013

CD-ROM and DVD

The

DVD

(

Digital Versatile Disc

) is an "alternative" to the CD with six times as much storage space (for the lowest-capacity kind of DVD — single-layer, single-sided 2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 16

DVD

   The DVD format was originally supported by a consortium of ten multimedia companies

DVD

was originally used as an initialism for the unofficial term

digital videodisk.

It was reported in 1995, at the time of the specification finalization, that the letters officially stood for

Digital Versatile Disc

(due to nonvideo applications) The main reason to use DVDs is their storage capacity, which makes them an excellent medium for video. A 4.7 GB DVD can store more than two hours of compressed video in MPEG-2, a format used for compressing images while still keeping them high-quality 2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 17

DVD

    2013 A DVD can easily be confused with a CD, as both are plastic discs 12 cm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick, which are read using a laser beam However, CDs use an infrared laser with a wavelength of 780 nanometres (nm), while DVD burners use a red laser with a wavelength of 635 nm or 650 nm What's more, CD players generally use a lens with a focus of 0.5, while the lenses of DVD players have a focus of 0.6

For this reason, DVDs have grooves whose minimum height is 0.4µ with a pitch of 0.74µ, as opposed to 0.834µ and 1.6µ for a CD ©S.Maciulevičius 18

DVD

DVD can be of foowing types:   DVD-ROM (read-only, recorded during fabrication) DVD-R/RW (DVDs in DVD-R format can only be recorded once, while DVD-RWs can be rewritten up to about 1000 times )  DVD+R/RW (supported by Sony and Philips within the DVD+RW Alliance)  DVD-RAM (This format is mainly used in Japan) ©S.Maciulevičius 19 2013

DVD speeds

   DVD drive speeds are measured with a multiplier. For example, 1x DVD transfers data at about 1.3 MB/Sec  A 4x drive could transfer data at four times that speed or about 5.2 MB/Sec. Compare this to the 0.15 MB/sec data transfer for a 1x CD RW and you’ll see DVD drives are much faster. Almost ten times faster All DVD videos play at 1x speed Writing speeds for DVD were 1 ×, that is, 1350 kB/s, in the first drives and media models. More recent models, at 18 × or 20 ×, have 18 or 20 times that speed 2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 20

DVD types

Type

CD

Characteristics Storage capacity

650 MB

Equiv. in Equiv. in music number (h.:min.) of CDs

1:14 1 DVD-5 DVD-9 DVD-10 DVD-17 single-sided, single layer single-sided, dual layer double-sided, single layer double-sided, dual layer 2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 4.7 GB 8.5 GB 9.4 GB 18 GB 9:30 17:30 19:00 35:00 7 13 14 26 21

DVD types

Single-sided (DVD-5) Double-sided (DVD-10) 2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 22

DVD types

Single-sided dual layer (DVD-9) Single-sided dual layer (DVD-18) ©S.Maciulevičius 2013 23

New DVD types

  Traditional DVDs are already exhaust its possibilities Looking for opportunities to increase the capacity of DVD discs that they fit the higher resolution videos, two new technologies were created:  

HD DVD

(

High Definition DVD

) – modification of traditional DVDs, when the data are at the same level, as well as in DVDs, but the blue laser is used to ensure a higher recording density: 15 GB / layer instead of 4.7 GB

Blu-ray DVD

(BD) – fairly thin protective layer (0.1 mm instead of 0.6 mm), so recording layer is closer to the surface layer, wich less diffuses laser beam; this enables to reduce the size of pits and to rise layer capacity - 23.3 GB, 25 GB or 27 GB 2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 24

HD DVD

   HD-DVD has been supported on the hardware side by NEC, Sanyo, Samsung, Thomson (both also supported Blu-ray), and Toshiba On the software side, HD-DVD has been supported by BCI, Dreamworks, Paramount Pictures, Studio Canal, and Universal Pictures, and Warner (only until May 2008 - at which time it will be Blu-ray exclusive). Microsoft had also lent its support to HD-DVD, but no longer, as Toshiba has ended HD-DVD support HD-DVD is now officially discontinued (one of reasons - lower capacity comparing to Bue-ray) 2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 25

Blue-ray DVD

 Blu-ray Disc was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, and motion pictures  While a standard DVD uses a 650 nanometer red laser , Blu-ray uses a shorter wavelength, a 405 nm blue-violet laser, and allows for almost six times more data storage than a DVD  The Blu-ray Disc physical specifications were completed in 2004  The first mass-market Blu-ray Disc rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU-100A, released by Sony on July 18, 2006. It recorded both single- and dual-layer discs and had a suggested retail price of US $699 2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 26

Compare CD, DVD and Blue-ray

2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 27

Blue-ray DVD

General Specifications:



Storage Capacity - Pre-recorded Playback Material (BD-ROM):

Single-layer (25GB) - Dual-layer (50GB) 

Storage Capacity: Home Recording (BD-R/BD-RE):

Single-layer (25GB) - Dual-layer (50GB) 

Data Transfer Rate:

36 to 48 MBPS (Megabits per Second) average - capable of up to 54 MPS 

Network Capability:

Although the Blu-ray format supports networking and internet capabilities, built-in networking and Ethernet ports on individual Blu-ray Disc Players is optional 2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 28

Blue-ray DVD

Drive speed

2013 1 × 2 × 4 × 6 × 8 × 12

Data rate Mbit/s MB/s

36 72 144 216 288 432 4.5

9 18 27 36 54 ©S.Maciulevičius

Write time for Blu-ray Disc (minutes) Single-Layer Dual-Layer

90 45 23 15 12 8 180 90 45 30 23 15 29

Comparative parameters

Parameter

Singe- or doube-sided Layers Capacity (GB) Protective layer (mm) 1,20 Distance betw. tracks ( μm) 1,60 Minimal length of pit ( μm) 0,83 Laser wavelength (nm) Linear speed (m/s) Transfer speed, Mb/s

CD

1 1 0,68 4,7/9,4 780 1,30 N/D

DVD

1 or 2 1 or 2 0,60 0,74 0,41 650 3,49 11,1 2013 ©S.Maciulevičius

Blu-ray

1 or 2 1 or 2 25/50 0,10 0,32 0,149 405 7,36 54

HD-DVD

1 or 2 1 or 2 15/30 0,60 0,40 0,204 405 5,60 36 30

Improving Blue-ray DVD

    Although the Blu-ray Disc specification has been finalized, engineers continue to work on advancing the technology Quad-layer (100 GB) discs have been demonstrated on a drive with modified optics (TDK version) and standard unaltered optics ("Hitachi used a standard drive") Hitachi stated that such a disc could be used to store 7 hours of 32 Mbit/s video (HDTV) or 3.5 hours of 64 Mbit/s video (Cinema 4K) In 2006, TDK announced that they have created a working experimental Blu-ray Disc capable of holding 200 GB of data on a single side, using six 33 GB data layers 2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 31

Improving Blue-ray DVD

    In December 2008, Pioneer Corporation unveiled a 400 GB Blu-ray Disc (containing 16 data layers, 25 GB each) that will be compatible with current players after a firmware update Its planned launch is in the 2009 –10 time frame for ROM and 2010 –13 for rewritable discs Ongoing development is under way to create a 1 TB Blu ray Disc as soon as 2013 The

Mini Blu-ray Disc

(also,

Mini-BD

and

Mini Blu-ray

) is a compact 8 cm-diameter variant of the Blu-ray Disc that can store approximately 7.5 GB of data 2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 32

Holographic Versatile Disc

 The

Holographic Versatile Disc

(

HVD

) is an optical disc technology that, in the future, may hold up to 6TB of information, although the current maximum is 500GB  It employs a technique known as collinear holography, whereby two green laser beams are collimated in a single beam  The structure of the disc places a thick recording layer between two substrates and incorporates a dichroic mirror that reflects the blue-green light carrying the holography data but allows the red light to pass through in order to gather servo information 2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 33

Holographic Versatile Disc

2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 34

HVD vs DVD

Initial cost for recordable disc Initial cost for recorder/player Initial storage capacity Read/write speed

Blu-ray

~ $18 ~ $2,000 54 GB

HD-DVD

~ $10 ~ $2,000 30 GB 36.5 Mbps 36.5 Mbps

HVD

~ $120 ~ $3,000 300 GB 1 Gbps

2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 35

AO-DVD

 Iomega Corporation got two highly notable patents for its work with nano-technology and optical data storage, and external storage media  New technologies could potentially allow 40-100 times more data to be stored on a DVD with data transfer rates 5-30 times faster than today's DVDs, and at similarly low costs  An articulated optical-digital versatile disc (AO-DVD) potentially can store up to 850GB. This is 200x the amount that can be fitted onto a single layer DVD. Data rates are good too claiming to be nearly 30 times faster than today’s DVDs 2013 ©S.Maciulevičius 36