Transcript Aim: What is Imperialism? - Mr. Rivera's History Page

Aim: What was the AGE
OF IMPERIALISM?
(1850-1914)
Imperialism is about…A stronger country taking
over a weaker country to exploit its resources.
CAUSES
AREAS COLONIZED
IMPACTS
Industrial Revolution
Africa
New Technology
India
Infrastructure
Need for raw materials + Foreign
Markets
Nationalism
Competition
Government, Education, Roads,
etc.
White Man’s Burden
Europe
Loss of Tradition and
Culture
Religion
Americas
(Old Imperialism)
Exploitation of
Resources
Imperialism is important because it allows
Europe (THE WEST) to control the world.
Imperialism KEY TERMS
Racism – The belief that certain races are superior to others.
Social Darwinism – The idea of “Survival of the Fittest,” The
strongest races deserve to rule the world
Colonize – The process of taking over a nation or territory to
exploit their resources.
Raw Materials – Natural resources used in industrial production(
Coal, Iron, Rubber)
Westernization – The process of becoming more like the nations
of Western Europe.
Nationalism – Intense pride in one’s own nation
Sphere of Influence – An area of a nation where a foreign power
has extreme power and influence.
Exploit– Take advantage of to another’s detriment.
Balance of Power – The idea that if all nations in Europe are
equally powerful, there will not be conflict.
What is Imperialism?
IMPERIALISM: A strong nation
takes over a weaker nation or
region and dominates its
economic, political, or cultural life.
Social Darwinism
The “White Man’s Burden”
Rudyard Kipling
Rudyard Kipling, The White Man's Burden, 1899
•
Take up the White Man's burden-Send forth the best ye breed-Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need;
To wait in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild-Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
•
Take up the White Man's burden-And reap his old reward:
The blame of those ye better,
The hate of those ye guard-The cry of hosts ye humour
(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:-"Why brought he us from bondage,
Our loved Egyptian night?"
Take up the White Man's burden-In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terror
And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple,
An hundred times made plain
To seek another's profit,
And work another's gain.
Take up the White Man's burden-Ye dare not stoop to less-Nor call too loud on Freedom
To cloke your weariness;
By all ye cry or whisper,
By all ye leave or do,
The silent, sullen peoples
Shall weigh your gods and you.
Take up the White Man's burden-The savage wars of peace-Fill full the mouth of Famine
And bid the sickness cease;
And when your goal is nearest
The end for others sought,
Watch sloth and heathen Folly
Bring all your hopes to nought.
Take up the White Man's burden-Have done with childish days-The lightly proferred laurel,
The easy, ungrudged praise.
Comes now, to search your manhood
Through all the thankless years
Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom,
The judgment of your peers!
Take up the White Man's burden-No tawdry rule of kings,
But toil of serf and sweeper-The tale of common things.
The ports ye shall not enter,
The roads ye shall not tread,
Go mark them with your living,
And mark them with your dead.
The “White Man’s Burden”?
I contend that we are the finest race in the world and that the
more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human
race. Just fancy those parts that are at present inhabited by
the most despicable specimens of human beings what an
alteration there would be if they were brought under AngloSaxon influence, look again at the extra employment a new
country added to our dominions gives. I contend that every
acre added to our territory means in the future birth to some more
of the English race who otherwise would not be brought into
existence. Added to this the absorption of the greater portion of the
world under our rule simply means the end of all wars, at this
moment had we not lost America I believe we could have stopped
the Russian-Turkish war by merely refusing money and supplies.
Having these ideas what scheme could we think of to forward this
object. I look into history and I read the story of the Jesuits I
see what they were able to do in a bad cause and I might say
under bad leaders.
What is the author saying?
How did Industrialization lead to
Imperialism?
• Industrialization  Imperialism
• Industrialization creates a HUGE demand for:
1) Cheap raw materials
2) Foreign markets to sell finished
products
The Age of Imperialism
European Motives
 Industrial Revolution
 Need for Markets and Resources
$$$ (Colonies)
 Nationalism
 National Political and Military
Goals
 Religion
 Spread Christianity
 Western Superiority
 Display Power and “Westernize”
 Social Darwinism

European Advantages
 Strong Economy and
Government
 Weak Opponents
 Ottomans
 Qing (China)
 Mughals (India)
 Superior Military
 Advanced Technology
Source for
Raw
Materials
Industrial
Revolution
Markets for
Finished
Goods
European
Nationalism
Missionary
Activity
European
Motives
For Colonization
Military
& Naval
Bases
Social
Darwinism
Places to
Dump
Unwanted/
Excess Popul.
European
Racism
“White
Man’s
Burden”
Humanitarian
Reasons
Soc. & Eco.
Opportunities
Economic Causes
• Need for natural resources
• Desire to expand markets
• Desire to invest profits
• Outlet needed for growing
populations
• Economies strengthened by
Industrial Revolution
Political and Military
Causes
• Bases needed for merchant
and naval vessels
• National security
• Nationalism
• Prestige of global empire
• Strong, centrally-governed
nation-states
CAUSES OF NEW
IMPERIALISM
Social Causes
• Desire to spread
Christianity
• Desire to share Western
civilization
• Belief in Social Darwinism
• Increased European
selfconfidence
Technological
Causes
• Medical knowledge
• Advances in weaponry
• Advances in overseas
travel
IMPERIAL RULE
Forms Of Imperialism
Characteristics
Example
Direct
Officials and Soldiers Rule
a Colony
Somaliland in East Africa
was a French colony.
Indirect
Local rulers lead but a new
ruling class is westernized.
Great Britain in India
PROTECTORATE
A country or territory with
its own internal government
but under the control of an
outside power
Britain established a
protectorate over the Niger
River delta
Sphere of Influence
An area which an outside
power claims exclusive
investment or trading
privileges
Liberia was under the
sphere of influences of the
United States
THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
Why was Africa a target for imperialists?
#1 Africa is Geographically Diverse: AFRICA IS
FRAGMENTED INTO DIFFERENT REGIONS
(NOT UNITED)

N. Africa (Ottoman Empire), W. Africa-Islamic Empires (Mansa Musa
from Mali), E. Africa, Southern Africa (Zulu Kingdom)
#2 Africa is Rich in Resources: Gold, Ivory,
Rubber, Diamonds
#3 Europeans learned more about the “Dark
Continent” through Exploration: Explorers
(Dr. David Livingstone) trekked through the
continent to map out the continent.
African Trade [15c-17c]
Areas of European and Arabian domination in Africa,
1835.
European Explorers in Africa
19c  Europeans Map the Interior of Africa
Before 1880 only 10% of Africa was controlled by European Powers
By 1900 only Ethiopia and Liberia remained free of European control.
(Even the Afrikaner Republics in South Africa were conquered by the English in
the infamous Boer War.)
How did it happen?
Two excuses: 1) The attraction of colonialism was the Glory
of Conquest
2) The so-called White Man's Burden to rescue
the rest of the world from themselves.
1865 Leopold II becomes King of Belgium and begins the New Imperialist rant;
that is he starts giving speeches in which he pushes the glories of exploration
and conquest. In the 1870s Leopold sets his sights on the heart of Africa and in
1876 sends H. M. Stanley up the Congo to establish trading posts and the
beginnings of the Belgian Free Congo State. This opens up the question of
control of the bulk of sub-Saharan Africa (West, Central and East Africa).
King Leopold – Belgian in the Congo

Congo



Belgians exploited (took advantage) resources
(i.e. Rubber) and laborers
King Leopold
Horrors in the Congo  The rest of Europe
wants order and free trade
Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo
Harvesting Rubber
Punishing “Lazy” Workers
5-8 Million Victims!
(50% of Popul.)
It is blood-curdling to see them (the
soldiers) returning with the hands of
the slain, and to find the hands of
young children amongst the bigger
ones evidencing their bravery...The
rubber from this district has cost
hundreds of lives, and the scenes I
have witnessed, while unable to help
the oppressed, have been almost
enough to make me wish I were
dead... This rubber traffic is steeped
in blood, and if the natives were to
rise and sweep every white person on
the Upper Congo into eternity, there
would still be left a fearful balance to
their credit.
-- Belgian Official
What was the Scramble for Africa?
Europeans Race to Claim Territory in Africa
The Berlin Conference (1884 – 1885)
Europeans must play fair when colonizing
2) Set up Government to provide order
3) Must allow Free Trade
MAJOR PROBLEMS OF THE CONFERENCE
1)
1)
2)
No African nations are represented
Europeans ignore tribal boundaries and draw
their own borders!
 This causes conflict between African tribes
Leopold’s Conscience??
Leopold Defends Himself in Paris,
1903
King Leopold (to Loubert) :
How about that! John
Bull claims that I
tortured, robbed and
murdered more than he
did. . .
Loubert : No, your Majesty,
that's impossible .
King Leopold II:
(r. 1865 – 1909)
Aim: How Did European
Imperialism Impact Africa?
(Day 2)
Berlin
Conference
of
1884-1885
Berlin Conference of 1884-1885
Another point of view? 
The Congo Free State
or
The Belgian Congo

The Berlin Conference (1884 – 1885)
Europeans Must PLAY FAIR when
colonizing
 Set up Government
 Free Trade
 No African nations are represented
 Europeans ignore tribal boundaries
and draw their own borders!

 This
causes conflict between African tribes
Pre-19c European Trade with Africa
1885 Scramble For Africa
Africa
1890
Africa
in
1914
Imperial boundaries of Africa, as of 1914
China in the 1700s: The “Century
of Humiliation”
Why were Europeans so interested in China’s Economy?
#1 China regulated economy to keep a favorable
balance of trade: Balance of Trade – To Export
(SELL) more than you Import (Buy) is favorable.


Exports: Silk, Porcelain and Tea
Imports: Silver and Gold
#2 The Chinese are Geographically Isolated and
Ethnocentric: Ethnocentric– Belief that your culture
is superior to all others, Chinese don’t need to learn
from anyone else
What were the Opium Wars?
Phase #1: British want to trade with China (they love
tea) but Chinese regulate trade
Phase #2: British Trade Opium (from India) for Tea
(from China), but then the Chinese OUTLAW OPIUM
Phase #3: British go to war for Free Trade in China
British Advantages: Superior Technology, $$$, Navy
Chinese Disadvantages: Never modernized
(Ethnocentric), Weak Gov’t
Opium War Treaties 1842
(Treaty of Nanjing-Unequal Treaties)
1)
2)
3)
4)
REPARATIONS-Britain Receives huge
payment for their losses in the war
British get Hong Kong
China is forced to have an OPEN DOOR
POLICY
Extraterritoriality – Right to live under
their own laws and be tried in their own
courts – China is divided into SPHERES
OF INFLUENCE
India – The “Crown Jewel” of
the British Empire
Why was a powerful region like India too
weak to resist British Imperialism?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Geographic Diversity  Cultural
Diversity
INDIA IS NOT UNIFIED (Like Africa)
1. No Single Language, Regional
Diversity
Religious Tension – Hindus and
Muslims
Weak Government (Mughals)
Why was India the “Crown Jewel”
of the British Empire?

Rich in Resources



Lots of cotton (British Textile Industry),
Opium and Tea
Large population
Great Location – Indian Ocean Trade
“The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”
1) How does this
picture reflect
the quote?
2) What does this
picture
Represent?
Anti-Imperialism Cartoons
Did any Africans resist European
Imperialism?

Boer War (1899 – 1902) – Conflict over
lands in the Union of S. Africa



Zulu Kingdom (S. Africa) vs. British
Maji Maji Rebellion (E. Africa) vs. Germans
Ethiopians

Successfully defeated Italy
How did Chinese resist foreign ideas?
Taiping Rebellion (1850 – 1864)




The government (Qing Dynasty) is falling apart
 PEOPLE RESENT FOREIGN INFLUENCE
There is a rebellion to overthrow the government – Keep
out “Foreign Devils”
 Most Devastating Peasant Revolt in History
Boxer Uprising
 “Righteous Harmonious Fists” want to expel “Foreign
Devils”
 Western Powers and Japan came in to stop it
BUT – Europeans get “SPHERES OF INFLUENCE”
How did the Indians resist
British Imperialism?
SEPOY REBELLION

Indians Revolt against British



Sepoys – Indian Soldiers
Fighting creates TENSION
British Response

Sent Troops and Raised Taxes
Why were the Europeans always
able to defeat the colonists?



Superior Technology/Military
Political Stability
Economic Strength (Industrialization)
***The colonists are weak due to political
instability and a lack of UNITY
BRITISH RULE IN INDIA
Good Effects
•
•
•
•
•
•
New roads and railways link
parts of India
Telegraphs and postal
systems unite people
Irrigation systems improve
farming
New laws mean justice for all
classes
British schools offer
education
Customs that threaten
human rights are ended
Bad Effects
• Indian resources go to
Britain
• British-made goods replace
local goods
• Farms grow cash crops
rather than food crops,
Indians go hungry
• Top jobs go to the British•
• Indians treated as inferiors•
• Britain tries to replace Indian
culture with western way
Word Box
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Contact
Foreign
White mans burden
Asia
Increased western
trade
Superior
Traditional cultures
Taiping Rebellion
Opium war
climate
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Extraterritorialilty
Foreign goods
Trading
Belgium
Spheres of influence
Hong kong
Port
Africa
Geography
Ethnocentrism
Century of humiliation
I. European’s Take Over Muslim Lands

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Nationalist Revolts


Balkans (Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania)
European Pressure
Russia  Bosporous Strait
 Germany  Berlin to Baghdad Railway


Westernization

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Young Turks

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Increased Internal Tension
Overthrew Sultan in 1908
Armenian Genocide
Armenian Genocide
 EGYPT

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Muhammad Ali – 1805 Seized Power from the Ottomans
Suez Canal
French – Ferdinand de Lesseps Organized Company to
Build the Suez Canal
 British Bought Majority Share

 PERSIA
British and Russian Spheres of Influence
 Persian Gov’t Granted Concessions to British
and Russians for Oil

How did China reform itself?


Chinese are HUMILIATED by Foreigners
Self Strengthening Movement



War With Japan


Adopt Western Technology
Reason Western powers won was because of a
failure to modernize
1894 Sino-Japanese War: Lost Taiwan
Europeans Establish Spheres of Influence

British, French, Germans and Russians