Transcript Unit 10 “Use English to learn it”

Unit 11 Three methodological
innovations, not methods, with the
concern with the language learner
11-1 Learning Strategy Training
Origin
• With discussion of the Cognitive
Approach in the early 1970s, language
learners were seen to be more actively
responsible for their own learning.
• In 1975 Rubin investigated what good
language learners did to facilitate their
learning and identified their learning
strategies.
• Good language learners are willing
and accurate guessers who have a
strong desire to communicate and will
attempt to do so even at the risk of
appearing foolish. They attend to both
the meaning and the form of their
message and they also practice and
monitor their own speech as well as the
speech of others.
Characteristics
• Students’ prior knowledge and learning
experiences should be valued and built on
• Studying certain learning strategies help
students’ learning, so the teacher is not to
teach language only but to teach learning.
• Students need to be independent, selfregulated learners for learner autonomy.
• Learner strategy training should not be taught
in isolation.
Three types of strategies by Chamot
and O’Malley
• Metacognitive strategies- those used
to plan, monitor, and evaluate a learning
task.
• Cognitive strategies- those involve
learners interacting and manipulating
learning materials.
• Social-affective strategies- how
learners interact with others or use
affective control to assist learning.
11-2 Cooperative Learning
• The way that students and teachers
work together effectively to make
learning successful.
• Teachers teach students social skills.
• Students are encouraged to think in
terms of positive interdependence.
Characteristics
• Mixed groups are assigned for students
to stay together in the same group for a
period of time so they can learn how to
work better together
• Responsibility and accountability for
each other’s learning is shared.
• Leadership is distributed.
11-3 Multiple Intelligences
• Students have different strengths and
cognitive styles.
• Howard Gardner proposed that teachers
recognize the multiple intelligences of their
students and help them develop their unique
strengths and reach their potentials.
• Teachers should honor the diversity of
intelligences among students
Eight intelligences so far
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Logical/mathematical (traditional)
Verbal/linguistical (traditional)
Visual/spatial
Body/kinesthetic
Musical/rhythmic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
The naturalist