Transcript Slide 1

GUIDE TO TECHNICAL PAPER
WRITING
EPH7112 Research Methodology
CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The Writing Process Flow
Research Planning: K Chart
Paper Writing: The Philosophy
Contents of a Paper
Constructing the Title
Writing the Abstract
Writing the Introduction
Writing the Main Body
Writing the Conclusion
Conclusion
1. THE WRITING PROCESS FLOW
Research Planning
Obtaining results
Organizing results
4. Planning for publication
5. Writing the title
6. Writing the abstract
7. Writing the introduction
8. Writing the main contents
 Theory
 Simulation/ Experiment
 Results and Discussion
9. Writing the conclusion
10. Pre-submission reviewing and editing
11. Submitting
12. Correcting
1.
2.
3.
2. RESEARCH PLANNING
Macro – level planning : Gantt Chart
 Micro – level planning: K-Chart

GENERAL TITLE
Factors Influencing the Performance of Motor Vehicles
Vehicles
SYSTEM
Sub Issues 1:
App. based
Sub Issues 2:
Types based
Air
Land
Motorcycles
Sub Issues 3:
Types based
Cars
Mini
ELEMENTS
Sea
Trucks
Sedan
Engine
Vans
Wagon
Body
Tire
METHODOLOGIES
Theory
Experiment
Lab. Tests
Lab. prototype
Meas. Techn.1
RESULTS:
Performance
Parameters
Design
Parameters
Commercial prototype
Meas. Techn.3
Acceleration
Pressure
Survey
Field Tests
Eng. prototype
Meas. Techn.2
Simulation
Tire Height
Speed
Tire Width
Fuel consumption
Tire Pressure
Tire Width
3. PAPER WRITING: THE PHILOSOPHY
A paper contains a report on (new) findings
and/or solutions. The purpose of the writeup is to convince the reader that your
findings/solutions are important and better
(than the existing solutions). The write-up
describes
What you are doing, What problems you
want to solve/reduce, Why is it important,
What have you achieved, How you achieved
it, and How much better is it?
IN SHORT….
State your claims clearly,
Support and prove your claims beyond
doubts
4. CONTENTS OF A PAPER
1.
2.
3.
4.
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Main Body
1. Theory
2. Simulation/Experimental Design
3. Results and Discussion
5.
6.
7.
Conclusion
References
Other information:
Authors, Acknowledgements, Index
IN OTHER WORDS…
A paper contains:
 Three Summaries,
 An Introduction,
 The Actual Works and Findings,
 A list of References
5. CONSTRUCTING THE TITLE
(1ST SUMMARY)
A title should indicate:
 The systems you are working on
 The problems you are solving
 Your achievements
 Your methodology
State each point in one or two words
SAMPLE TITLES

A widely tunable hybrid brillouin-erbium ber laser (BEFL) System
Mohamad K. Abdullah, Suhairi Shaharudin, Mohd Adzir Mahdi, and
Rosdisham Endut

Stability Robustness Analysis of Multiple Time- Delayed Systems Using
“Building Block” Concept
Hassan Fazelinia, Rifat Sipahi, Nejat Olgac

Broad Beamwidth and Cross Polarization Free Dipole Antennas With
Reactive Loaded Monopoles
Kazushi Nishizawa, Hiroaki Miyashita, Shigeru Makino, Kunio Sawaya

A New Family of Optical Code Sequences for Spectral-AmplitudeCoding Optical CDMA Systems
S. A. Aljunid, M. Ismail, A. R. Ramli, Borhanuddin M. Ali, and Mohamad
Khazani Abdullah

Broadband Dielectric Resonator Antenna With Metal Coating
Tze-Hsuan Chang, Jean-Fu Kiang

A Synchronous Digital Hierachy Based Dynamic Error Correction
Technique For Wavelength Division Multiplexing Networks CL Cheah,
BM Ali, MA Mahdi, MK Abdullah
6. WRITING THE ABSTRACT
(2ND SUMMARY)
An abstract elaborates the same items as
indicated by the Title:
 The systems you are working on
 The problems you are solving
 Your achievements,
 Your methodology
Elaborate each point in 1 or 2 sentences
SAMPLE ABSTRACT 1
We experimentally demonstrate a simple method for
generating a multiwavelength Brillouin comb by
utilizing a linear cavity of hybrid Brillouin– erbium
fiber lasers (BEFLs). The optimization of Brillouin
pump wavelength, power, and erbium gain played a
significant role in determining the maximum number
of Brillouin Stokes signals generated. Simultaneous
and stable multiple-wavelength laser output of 22
lines with 10.88-GHz channel spacing has been
obtained with good flatness. Various parameters
such as 980-nm pump power, Brillouin pump
wavelength, and Brillouin pump power that affect
the performance of a multiwavelength BEFL system
have been investigated. An analysis of the tuning
range of the system is presented.
SAMPLE ABSTRACT 2
A new code structure for spectral-amplitude-coding
optical code-division multiple-access system based
on double-weight (DW) code families is proposed.
The DW code has a fixed weight of two. By using a
mapping technique, codes that have a larger number
of weights can be developed. Modified doubleweight (MDW) code is a DW code family variation
that has variable weights of greater than two. The
newly proposed code possesses ideal crosscorrelation properties and exists for every natural
number. MDW code is shown here to provide a
much better performance compared to Hadamard
and modified frequency-hopping codes.
7. WRITING THE INTRODUCTION
Introduction section should clearly describe:
1. The scope of area of research
2. Motivation factor: The importance of the
area of research
3. Problem Statement: The specific
problems you attempt to solve
4. Critical Review: Weaknesses of existing
solutions
5. The achievements (main results)
6. The methodology (in brief)
SAMPLE INTRODUCTION
Optical spectrum code-division multiple-access (OSCDMA) is a multiplexing
technique adapted from the successful implementation in wireless networks. In
OSCDMA systems, each user is assigned with a sequence code that serves as its
address. An optical code-division multiple-access (CDMA) user modulates its
code (or address) with each data bit and asynchronously initiates transmission.
Hence, this modifies its spectrum appearance, in a way recognizable only by the
intended receiver. Otherwise, only noise-like bursts are observed [1],[2].The
advantages of OSCDMA technique over other multiplexing techniques such as
time-division multiple-access and frequency-division multiple-access are
numerous [3],[8].Many codes have been proposed for OSCDMA such as optical
orthogonal codes (OOCs) [4],prime codes, and modified frequency-hopping
(MFH) codes [5].However, these codes suffer from various limitations one way
or another. The codes’ constructions are either complicated (e.g., OOC and
MFH codes), the cross-correlation are not ideal (e.g., Hadamard and Prime
codes), or the code length is too long (e.g., OOC and Prime code). Long code
lengths are considered disadvantageous in its implementation since either very
wide band sources or very narrow filter bandwidths are required. Table I shows
the code length required by the different codes to support only 30 users. For
example, if the chip width (filter bandwidth) of 0.5 nm is used, the OOC code
will require a spectrum width of 182 nm and prime code will require 480.5 nm,
whereas, modified double weight (MDW) only requires 45 nm. Hadamard and
MFH codes show shorter code lengths than that of MDW and this will be
discussed further in more detail in this letter. It will be shown that the
transmission performance of MDW codes is significantly better than that of
Hadamard and MFH codes. This is achieved through theoretical calculation and
software simulation.
8. THE MAIN BODY
1.
2.
3.
THEORY
METHODOLOGY: SIMULATION
and/or EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
WRITING THE THEORY
Compulsory if your results involve
modification of the existing
theory/model, Optional otherwise
Provide the main equations relating to
the parameters you are presenting
Describe how you have
modified/improved the equations
suiting to your design
Show the derivation sufficiently
WRITING THE
SIMULATION/EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN (SET-UP)
Describe how the design works i.e the working
principle of the design
Describe the components used especially the
important ones
Describe how the design is different from others
(existing ones)
Highlight the design advantages i.e in terms of
simplicity, cost etc.
Provide the specification of the system design/set-up
in running texts or in tabular forms.
Describe the assumptions made (sometimes, certain
devices are used to simulate real environments)
WRITING THE RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
Present and analyze using:
Characterization curves / analysis
Comparative curves/ analysis
Optimization curves/ analysis
Two angles of analyses:
1. Analysis of trend
2. Analysis of reason
CONTINUE
Justify if any of your results is inferior to
others’
Highlight your better results
Explain why and how the better results are
achieved
Relate the explanation to the theory
Substantiate every claim (conclusive
statements) made through the results and/
or referencing 9except for the obvious, well
known facts)
9. WRITING THE CONCLUSION
(3RD SUMMARY)
Elaborate the items in the Abstract a
little further focusing on the results
(achievements), and your advantages
SAMPLE CONCLUSION 1
A thorough experimental analysis of the characteristics of a new technique
for generating stable multiwavelength laser sources by using the linear
cavity of a hybrid BEFL system has been presented. The requirement of
internal feedback to generate cascaded Brillouin gain for multiplewavelength operation was achieved by the proposed linear cavity design.
Experimental results were used extensively in discussing the effects of EDF
pump power, Brillouin pump power, and Brillouin pump wavelength on
the performance of the BEFL system. The optimization of these parameters
is critical for achieving the maximum possible number of Stokes signals. The
operation of 22 stable output laser lines with 0.088-nm 10.88-GHz spacing
was obtained at a 980-nm pump power of 100 mW, a BP power of 1.1 mW,
and a BP wavelength of 1557.5 nm that was at the peak of erbium gain.
Lower cavity loss in the resonator and more available pump power from the
980-nm pump power could increase the number of lines to a specific
maximum number. Further, it was found that the number of Stokes signals
decreased as the BP increased in the highest region of erbium gain. The
number of Stokes signals was proportional to the intensity of BP power
outside this wavelength range, however. The incremental numbers of Stokes
signals with increasing BP power has its limit, whereby gain suppression (at
other wavelengths) will prevent the generation of more Stokes signals. The
value of this limit depends on the location of the injected BP wavelength
from the peak of erbium-doped fiber gain. We found that both the BP and
the EDF pump powers affected the tuning range. At a fixed EDF pump
power the Stokes signal can be tuned wider at higher BP power, whereas
higher EDF pump power produced a smaller tuning range.
SAMPLE CONCLUSION 2
In this letter, we have proposed a new family of optical code
structure for amplitude-spectral encoding optical CDMA
system. It has been shown that the MDW code performs better
than the system encoded with Hadamard and MFH codes. The
advantages of the proposed code are numerous, including easy
and efficient code construction, simple encoder–decoder design,
existence for every natural number , ideal cross-corre-lation ,
and high SNR. The simulated result of one of the four MDW
coded carriers running at 10 Gb/s over a communicationstandard fiber shows a good quality transmission at the BER of
10-12.
WRITING THE REFERENCES
Ensure that all references are quoted
in the text
More references in Introduction, and
Results and Discussion
Normally, at least 5 references
Avoid URL-sites
Follow formats
The later the better
10. CONCLUSION
 Writing
technical papers require
proper planning from early on
 It is important to understand the
structure of a paper
 The main focus is on the Introduction
and the Main Body
 Clarity in the research leads to easy
paper writing
 Skills require practices