Transcript Unit06Technology-02 - Wind

Roof Top
Mounting?
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Turbulence
Poor Performance
Noise & Vibration
Safety
Simply a Bad Idea
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Roof Top
Mounting?
• No, Don’t Do This!
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
DAF-Indal, Canada
Roof Top Squirrel Cage?
© GUAL Industrie
• Forget It!
© GUAL Industrie
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Roof Top Turbine
Toronto
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Azure Magazine May 2007
Roof Top
Mounting?
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Roof Top
Mounting?
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Roof Top
Mounting?
• Well, OK Here
Jutland, Denmark
Newcastle, Indiana
Towers
Pendant Cables & Raceway
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Foundations
• Piers
Lattice Towers
• Spread Footing
• Monopile
Solid
Hollow with Fill
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
© Goldenstedt
Foundations
© Lagerwey
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Foundation Monopile
Hollow with Fill
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
© Neal Emmerton
Foundation Bolts
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Foundations
© Nordex
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Lightning Protection
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Receptors at Blade Tip
Cabling Through Blade
Nacelle Lightning Rod
Slip Rings & Jumpers
Grounding (Earthing)
Some Areas Require Ground Net
• Large Turbines will be Hit Periodically
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Lightning Protection
Receptors & Cabling
© Lagerwey
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Lightning Protection
Nacelle Lightning Rod
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
© Nordex
Lightning Protection
Tower Section Jumpers
© Lagerwey
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Lightning Protection
Windflow 500
Gebbies Pass, NZ
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Obstruction Marking
• Height Limits
200 ft USA
100 m Europe
• Lights
Red (night?)
Strobe (Day)
Impacts
• Painting
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Obstruction Marking
© Nordex
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Obstruction Marking
Painting
© Nordex
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Operations & Maintenance
• Large Turbines
Formerly by Quarter
Now Once/year
• Small Turbines
Once/year
• Large Turbines
Complex & Rotating Schedules
Visual Inspections
Moving Parts
• Electronic Controls
Largest Single Cause of “Nuisance” Trips
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Good Housekeeping
• Little Items Make a
Big Difference on a
Million-Dollar Wind
Turbine!
© Rope Partner
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Operations & Maintenance
Check Welding
© Lagerwey
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Operations & Maintenance
• Condition Monitoring
Large Turbines
• w/o Condition Monitoring, No
Insurance
• w/o Insurance, No Financing
• Enercon “Partner” Program
Other Manufacturers Following Suit
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Operations & Maintenance
As Percentage of Total Investment
Years 1-10
Years 10-20*
150-300 kW
1-3%
4-7%
500-600 kW
1-2%
4-5%
*Includes prorated 20% reinvestment after year 10.
Source: IEA, EMD 2001
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
U.S. Operations & Maintenance Costs
@ 1.3¢/kWh
Insurance
0.003 Fee
0.15
Unschld. m aint.
0.68
Interconnection
0.04
Land
0.1
Property taxes
0.1
Source: NREL, 1997
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Prev. m aint.
0.18
Overhaul
0.05
Fall Protection
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Body Harness
Shock-Absorbing Lanyard
Double-Acting Snap Hook
Positioning Belt is Only for
Positioning
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
© Rope Partner
Safety
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Helmet
Gloves
Harness
Radio
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Aerial Lifts
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Ladder Fall Protection
© Lagerwey
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Ladders
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Steps
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Secure Rotor Locking
Rotor Hub
© Lagerwey
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Secure Rotor Locking
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
© Nordex
Secure Rails & Attachments
© Nordex
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Access Doors
Tararua, NZ
© Nordex
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Secure Access Doors
It’s Windy Out There
• Lock to Prevent
Unauthorized Access
• Latch to Prevent
Door Closing
• Interior Release
To Prevent Confinement
• Ventilation Louvers
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
© Lagerwey
Safety . . .
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Anti-Climb Guards
Shaft Guards
Two-Person Crews
Regular Reviews
Myth Busting
“Never Fall Ascending”
“Want to Jump Free”
Paul Gipe & Assoc.