Transcript Emerging RF Technologies - Brookdale Community College

RFID Technology
NCTT 2005 Summer Conference
Warren Hioki
Community College of Southern Nevada
What is RFID?
• Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID)
is a method of storing
and retrieving data
through
electromagnetic
transmission to an
RFID transponder,
also known as an
“RFID tag.”
RFID: An Emerging RF Technology
on Center Stage
• Yr 2003: $1.1 billion
industry
• Yr. 2004: $2.5 billion
industry
• Yr 2005-2006: $5.5
billion industry
A Global Internet of Things
• RFID employs a numbering scheme
called EPC (for "electronic product code")
which can provide a unique ID for any
physical object in the world.
• “In the future, everything of value will be
on the Internet,” says John Foster,
Software CTO for Sun Microsystems.
• Growth in technology will be outside the
realm of the PC and network, a
“Megatrend” according to Fowler.
The Wal-mart Effect
• When Wal-Mart
speaks, the retail
industry listens
• Wal-Mart issues 2005
RFID Mandate to top
100 suppliers
• 12,000 other WalMart Suppliers must
follow suit
Others Follow Suit
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Target
Sears/Kmart
Albertsons
American Express
Visa, Mastercard
Home Depot
7-Eleven Inc.
Coca-Cola
Robert Bosch Tool
• DOD, DOE, DOT,
DOH, FAA
• Agriculture Industry
• Gaming Industry
• Automotive Industry
• Athletics
• Pharmaceuticals
• Libraries
• Semiconductor
Industry
What’s Being Tagged?
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People
Animals
Credit Cards
Grocery Items
Department Store Items
Cars, Trucks, Trains, Boats
Airline Luggage
Hospital Wrist Bands
Tools
Boxes, Crates, Pallets
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Casino Chips
Euro Notes
Test Equipment
Soccer Balls
toilets
Trees
Birds, Fish, Shell Fish
Keyless Entry/Exit Doors
Museum Artwork
Weapons and Ammunition
History
• 1920s: RFID was developed at MIT as a way for robots
to "talk" to one another
• 1939: RFID technology was used extensively by the
British in WWII as a way to track planes and other
vehicles with IFF (identification of friend or foe)
transponders
• 1948: “Communication by Means of Relflective Power,” a
Landmark paper by Harry Sockman
• 1950s: D.B. Harris “Radio Transmission Systems With
Modulatable Passive Repsonder
• 1952: F.L. Vernon’s “Application of the Microwave
Homodyne
• 1960s: R.F. Harrington advances theory with “Field
Measurements Using Active Scatterers”
RFID History (cont)
• 1970s: Explosion of RFID research and inventions (Los
Alamos Labs, Raytheon, Northwestern University, RCA,
Fairchild)
• 1980s: Worldwide Implementation and deployment of
RFID in transportation, personnel access, and
agriculture
• 1990s: Expansion of RFID into retail, electronic toll
collection, fuel dispensing, parking and building access,
etc.
• 2000s: RFID has become ubiquitous and mainstream;
Retail giant Walmart slaps RFID mandate on
over 100 of its top suppliers; Target and other retailers
follows suit
–
http://www.aimglobal.org “The History of RFID Shrouds of Time”
RFID Components
RFID Reader
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Antenna
Reader (Interrogator)
Transponder (Tag) RFID
Transponder
(Tag)
Host Computer
Software
RF
Circuits
RS232
Interface
or
Internet
to Host
Control
Circuits
Host
Computer
RFID Tags
• Active Tags: (Read/Write) Contain a micro
chip, an on-board power source for data
transmission to the reader, and an
antenna
• Semi-active Tags: Same as active tag but
power source requires a “wake-up field”
from RFID reader to turn on
• Passive Tags: (Read Only) Contain a
micro chip and an antenna
Figure 1: An Ant Playing with RFID Chips (Courtesy of AIM)
Figure 2: Passive RFID Tag Architecture (Courtesy of AIM)
Tag Antennas
Dipole Antenna
• Antennas are typically
built into the chip
• ½ wavelength in length
• Single dipole
• Dual dipole
• Loop
• Patch
Dual Dipole Antenna
EPC Class Specification
EPC Class
Definition
Programming
Class 0
Read Only
passive tags
Programmed as part of the
semiconductor manufacturing
process.
Class 1
Write once,
read many
passive tags
Programmed once by the
customer then locked.
Class 2
Re-writable
passive tags
Can be reprogrammed many
times.
Class 3
Semi-passive
tags
Class 4
Active tags
Class 5
Readers
NA
http://www.impinj.com/page.cfm?ID=aboutRFIDStandards: RFID Standards
EPC Code Structure
EPC
TYPE
HEADER
SIZE
FIRST
BITS
DOMAIN
MANAGER
OBJECT
CLASS
SERIAL
NUMBER
TOTAL
BITS
64-bit
type 1
2
1
21
17
24
64
64-bit
type 2
2
10
15
13
34
64
64-bit
type 3
2
11
26
13
23
64
96-bit +
8
00
28
24
36
96
2
21
17
24
Type 1 64-bit format
2
15
13
34
Type 2 64-bit format
2
26
13
23
Type 3 64-bit format
8
28
24
36
96-Bit Format
EPC Field Definition
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Version No.: Defines EPC structure type
Domain Manager: Defines mfg. number
Object Class: Defines product number
Serial No.: Serial number of object
Error Control
• May or may not be used
• CRC-16: G(x) = X16 + X12 + X5 + 1
(ISO/EIC 3309)
• Reader to tag computation on all n bits of
the packet. 1’s Complement stored on tag
Signal Measurement
(Inductive Coupling)
http://www.rfid-handbook.de/rfid/measurements.html
Modulation Technique
–a reader to tag command
http://www.rfid-handbook.de/rfid/measurements.html
Function of the Reader
• Provided energy to the tag
• Provide a carrier signal for the tag to
modulate and resonate back to the reader
• Detect the modulated signal from the tag
and decode its data
• Transmit detected data to host computer
Examples of RFID Readers
Functions of the Tag
• Untilize the electromagnetic energy
provided by the reader
• Detect and decode the reader signal
• Resonate the carrier signal sent by the
reader
• Modulate the resonated signal sent back
to the reader
Layout considerations
Challenges facing RFID
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Standardization
Costs
Training
Data Security
Long-term electromagnetic radiation
Issues of Privacy and Ethics
– California Senator Debra Brown (2003) “How
would you like it if, for instance, one day your
realized your underwear was reporting on
your whereabouts?”
References
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Special thanks to Tomas E. Grajales, Vice President of R&D of Dynasys Technologies Inc. for
providing the use of all Axcess Inc. slides.
Toward a Global “Internet of Things”:
:http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/Ecommerce/rfid/
The Use of RFID as a Replacement for Traditional Bar Coding:
http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/cjs/tech.html
Shrouds of Time, RFID History
http://www.mindcontrolforums.com/news/shrouds_of_time.pdf
RFID Timeline: http://people.interactionivrea.it/c.noessel/RFID/RFID_timeline.pdf#search='application%20of%20the%20microwave%20h
omodyne%20and%20vernon‘
RFID Handbook: http://www.rfid-handbook.de/index.html
CASPIAN http://www.nocards.org/welcome/index.shtml
RFID A Week Long Survey: http://people.interaction-ivrea.it/c.noessel/RFID/RFID_research.pdf
RFID White Paper:
http://www.rmsomega.com/documents/RFID_White_Paper_ScanSource_000.pdf
RFID Standards: http://www.impinj.com/page.cfm?ID=aboutRFIDStandards
Electronic Product Code (EPC):
http://www.zebra.com/id/zebra/na/en/index/rfid/faqs/epc_rfid_technology.html
Destron Technologies Cattle Tags:
http://www.destronfearing.com/pipdf/tx12102fdx_b_cattletag050702.pdf