Transcript Diapositiva 1

X-RAY DIFFRACTION– Bruxer AXS, D8 Advance
Images relating to examples of application
of the XRD technique
MARMO di LAZZARO (grigio)
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The basic version i.e. the x-ray powder diffraction is an
analytical technique widely used to identify the crystalline
phases contained in various materials.
It is mainly adopted for research and quality control and ca
be used alone or with other techniques to identify the
constituents of simple and complex mixtures in various
areas, such as: stone processing industry; production of
binders; control formulations for mortar, plaster, stucco;
brick production; control of metallic and non-metallic
minerals, etc.
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2-Theta - Scale
MARMO di LAZZARO (grigio) - File: MARMO di LAZZARO (grigio).raw - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start:
Operations: Import
89-1304 (C) - Magnesium calcite, syn - (Mg0.03Ca0.97)(CO3) - Y: 18.75 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406
83-2466 (A) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 87.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - Hexagonal - a 4.89120 - b 4
86-1628 (C) - Quartz low - SiO2 - Y: 83.33 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - Hexagonal - a 4.90210 - b 4.
41-1480 (I) - Albite, calcian, ordered - (Na,Ca)Al(Si,Al)3O8 - Y: 8.33 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - Tric
42-1414 (D) - Biotite-1 ITM RG - K(Mg,Fe+2)3(Al,Fe+3)Si3O10(OH,F)2 - Y: 4.17 % - d x by: 1. - WL:
89-1477 (C) - Anorthite, annealed - (Ca0.98Na0.02)(Al1.98Si0.02)Si2O8 - Y: 8.33 % - d x by: 1. - WL
26-0919 (C) - Halite, potassian, syn - K0.4Na0.6Cl - Y: 14.58 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - Cubic - a
Simple XRD spectrum with qualitative
indication of present phases
View of instrument and the management console
X-ray Spectrum with quantitative indication of
phase processing with Rietveld method
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE– Bruxer AXS, S2 Ranger
The elemental chemical analysis using x-ray fluorescence
(XRF) is a technique that allows elemental analysis (in
general, from sodium to uranium) for a wide range of
materials with a sufficient level of accuracy and precision,
especially for high concentrations.
The strength of this kind of analysis is the capability to
analyze both conductive materials (metals) and nonconductive materials (oxides, glass, ceramics, plastics,
cement, etc.), and also liquids (oil, water, hydrocarbons,
etc.). The analysis can be used for process control and for
research in various fields, in particular in the environmental
fields.
Images relating to examples of application
of XRF technique
Tablets for fluorescence measurements
Formula
Z
Amount
% in weight
SO3
16
36,18
Fe2O3
26
23,06
Na2O
11
11,28
Al2O3
13
11,05
SiO2
14
9,401
MgO
12
5,366
CaO
20
2,293
TiO2
22
0,333
K2O
19
0,012
K KA1
0,5
0,4
Zn KA1
Zn KB1
Ni KA1
Mn KB1
Fe KB1
Ni KB1
Ti KA1
Ti KB1
Ca KB1
0
0,1
K KB1
Mn KA1
0,2
0,3
KCps
Ca KA1
0,6
0,7
Fe KA1
0,8
Report of a typical XRF analysis
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KeV
Desk instrument for X-ray
Fluorescence spectrum
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OPTICAL MICROSCOPY
Stereomicroscope is commonly used to make observations on
sections allowing to obtain detailed information about
morphology, nature and composition of various layers of
fragments under investigation, such as: shape of grains; type of
binder; presence of layers of pigment; superficial alteration.
Optical microscope with polarized light (Olympus BX51). It
is used for studing thin sections which detailed examination,
allowing to obtain information about nature of clasts and matrix
which constitute respectively the aggregate and the binder of
various materials (stone, mortar, plaster, stucco, etc.). It is also
possible to carry out studies on decay associated with reactions
such as alkali-aggregate processes and sulphation black crusts.
Images relating to examples of application
of optical microscopy (OM)
Polished section of a cocciopesto mortar
Thin section processed by computer
Desk with transmitted optical microscope with polarized light,
transmitted biologicmicroscopr, stereo-binocular microscope
ION CHROMATOGRAPHY–
Metrohm IC 761)
This technique allows a recognition and a simultaneous
determination of one or more cations or anions in aqueous
solution. It is based on the separation of ions through ion
exchange columns, thanks to the different affinities of
analytes in solution for eluent phase and stationary phase,
contained in a column chromatographic. The technique is
mainly used to determine soluble salts which are the typical
Images relating to examples of application
of ion chromatography
constituents of salt efflorescence.
Chromatogram of anions
Chromatogram of cation
Ionic chromatograph
THERMAL ANALYSIS–
Netzsh, STA 409 PC LUXX
The technique allows monitoring the behaviour of a substance
under controlled regime of temperature increase.
It is generally used to identify transformations of chemical and
physical nature of a material, during a thermal treatment.
Operating under standards, the most common and basic
information that can be derived include, for example:
quantification of loss in weight; determination of
decomposition temperature of a chemical; temperature
deidrossilation of substances containing water in its structure,
and everything related to reactions involving structural
changes in weight.
Images relating to examples of application
of thermal analysis (TA)
Simple thermogram
Stacking multiple thermograms
Thermal Analyzer
CLIMATE CHAMBER–
Angelantoni, Challenge 160
It is used for physical and environmental testing on any
material. The instrument allows to evaluate the behaviour of
thermo-shrinkage of a given material in the temperature
range -40 to +180 °C and relative humidity (RH) +20 to
+95%. If needed, it can be used either for maturation of
standardized samples that will undergo mechanical tests, or
for freeze-thaw cycling of stones.
Images relating to examples of application
of treatment cycles
Performance of a pre-set cycle of treatment
Climate chamber for
physical and environmental testing
THERMAL AND PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL TREATMENTS
Static furnace and rotary furnace are chambers for controlled
thermal treatments of various products under static and dynamic
standard from room temperature up to 1600 °C and 1100 °C
respectively.
Jaw mill and centrifugal mill with spheres are grinding
machines that reduce to powder various materials that have to
undergo further processing for powder production or for laboratory
analysis.
Electro-mechanical-sieving machine produces a dry sieve of a
pool to derive the dissolved fraction useful in composition of
particle size distribution curve.
Images relating to examples of application
of treatment cycles
Frazione passante cumulativa (%)
Fractions separated using series of standard
sieves
Curva granulometrica
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0,106
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Diametro setacci in mm
Grading curve
Desk with instruments for physical-mechanical treatments
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MECHANICAL TESTS
Load test machine. The instrument is set up for flexion and
compression rupture tests for normalized elements with size
4.0 x4,0x16cm. The maximum load is 300kN. It is equipped
with a dual channel with high sensitivity to appreciate different
values of tensile strength from various tens of kN for elements
made of concrete to single digits for elements made of lime
and hydraulic lime.
Images relating to examples of application
of this machine
Typical stress-strain curve of an element
tested in compression.
Photo of an element, realized with
gypsum, broken under compression
Compression machine
Accessory equipments for preparation of plaster elements
In support of a laboratory, focused on building materials and
particularly mortars based on inorganic binders, it is necessary
a range of equipments, part of which are represented by an
automatic mixer, a motorized flow table, an automatic
Vicat needle, a Blaine permeabilimeter, a Le Chatelier
volumeter. The aim is to characterize, under the current
legislation, various materials to mix and final products of
compositions.
Water heating bath
Motorized flow table
Automatic Mixer