Organic Nutrient Management 3
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Transcript Organic Nutrient Management 3
Organic Nutrient Management of
Raspberries in a High Tunnel
By Jesse Dahir-Kanehl, Horticulture Masters Student
Advisor – Prof. Rebecca Harbut
Quick Research Intro
Effects of high tunnel environment on
microbes and mineralization of N, P, K
Mineralization differences seen in plant
tissue, yields, and berry size?
Lack of leaching > higher salt buildup
Increase in fruit quality
Decreases in wind leading to taller plants
Decrease in pest pressure (Japanese
Beetle) and change in pest complex
Decrease in disease pressure
Background
High School FFA Greenhouse
Bachelors at UW-Madison,
Horticulture
Organic Vegetable and Fruit
Farm
Hobbies: brewing, gardening,
biking, folk
Coops: Babcock House
Overview
1. High Tunnel (HT) Production
a. Definition
b. Why?
c. Disadvantages
d. Uses in Wisconsin
e. Research being done with HTs
2. Organic Fruit Production in Wisconsin
a. Problems
b. Organic fruit farm/orchard management
c. Why?
d. Research being done
3. My Research Project – No data
a. What’s being studied
b. Where
c. When
d. Why
e. Results
f. Spreading the word
High Tunnel Production
Temporary season extending structure
Arched roof & high sides – snow shedding
Great for tall crops or large machinery
Relatively new tool, but why use it?
Why?
Higher temps > higher mineralization
Extends season
Exclusion of rain – target irrigation
Reduce application rates
Increases fruit quality
Reduces disease and pest pressure
Changes pest complex
Reduces wind, increases height
Marketing
Temperature
Primocane-fruiting Raspberry Production in High
Tunnels in a Cold Region of the Upper
Midwestern United States (Yao and Rosen, 2011)
Plant Height Average (in)
HT 08
Field 08
HT 09
Field 09
64
25
62
28
High Tunnel Avg. - 2009
Field Avg. - 2009
Fruit Size
Yield
Fruit Size
Yield
4.0g
22,253 lb/a
3.8g
4,708 lb/a
Disadvantages
Relatively expensive
Requires high return
Salt buildup
Use in WI
Stephen McDonough, NCSU, 2008
How are they used in Wisconsin?
Mostly season extension
Largely vegetables – tomatoes
Nurseries
Some fruits - raspberries & strawberries
National Resources Conservation Service
program – 2010, 184 tunnels, $763k
NRCS, 2009
Research on HT
Small Fruit Production in HT, Demchak, 2009, Penn State
HT Tree Fruit Production, Lang, 2009, Michigan State
CO2 Enrichment May Increase Yield of Field-grown Red Raspberry under
HT, Mochizuki et al., 2010, U of California and California State
Engineering Principles Impacting HT Environements, Giacomelli,
2009, University of Arizona
Trends in Soil Quality Under HTs, Knewston et al., 2010, Kansas
State University
Yields and Economics of HTs for Production of Warm-season
Vegetable Crops, Waterer, 2003, University of Saskatchewan
HT and Organic Horticulture: Compost, Food, Safety, and Crop
Quality, Milner et al., 2009, USDA Maryland
+ University of Georgia, Cornell, Colorado State, University of
Minnesota, University of Arkansas
University of Arkansas, 2011
Overview
1. High Tunnel (HT) Production
a. Definition
b. Why?
c. Disadvantages
d. Uses in Wisconsin
e. Research being done with HTs
2. Organic Fruit Production in Wisconsin
a. Problems
b. Organic fruit farm/orchard management
c. Why?
d. Research being done
3. My Research Project – No data
a. What’s being studied
b. Where
c. When
d. Why
e. Results
f. Spreading the word
Problems in WI
Maintaining high soil quality
Hot + humid = disease
Pests
Perennial system means perennial weeds
Overcoming common beliefs of perfection
Pestmall, 2010
Organic Management
Soil amendments
Pest control
Disease control
Weed control
Marketing – processing
Beverage Express, 2011
High Tunnel Tree Fruit Production: The
Final Frontier? (Lang, 2009)
Pest
Increased Incidence
Decreased
Incidence
Diseases
Powdery Mildew
Cherry Leaf Spot
Bacterial Canker
Insects
Black Cherry Aphid
Plum curculio
Two-spotted Spider Mite
Cherry Fruit Fly
Japanese Beetle
Why?
Price premium
Marketing
Sustainability
Personal beliefs
Golden State Fruit, 2012
Research
Pest control
Weed control
Soil amendments
Increase density
Season extension
Breeding
Postharvest
Nutrition
Sustainability – economic & environmental
Overview
1. High Tunnel (HT) Production
a. Definition
b. Why?
c. Disadvantages
d. Uses in Wisconsin
e. Research being done with HTs
2. Organic Fruit Production in Wisconsin
a. Problems
b. Organic fruit farm/orchard management
c. Why?
d. Research being done
3. My Research Project – No data
a. What’s being studied
b. Where
c. When
d. Why
e. Results
f. Spreading the word
My Research
Organic fertilizers – cow manure, mushroom,
fish emulsion, urea, none
Varieties – Caroline & Heritage
Mineralization
Electrical Conductivity
Yield
Hatch and Sustainable Agriculture
Research and Education grants
Where
West Madison Research Station
Plano silt loam & Kegonsa silt loam
HT and outside – 96’ x 30’
Cole Murphy – Fond du lac
Peninsular Research Station
When
2011 – establishment year
2012 – soil data, yields, etc
2013 – soil data
Why?
Fertilization recommendations for HT
Application times
Understanding of HT environment
For the grower
100 Mile Challenge
Spreading the word
Midwest Organic and Sustainable
Education Service conference
Publish in a journal
Center for Integrated Agriculture Systems
Talk to professors, extension agents,
producers
Other conferences
Conclusion
HT
◦
◦
◦
◦
Cost
Yield, season, quality
Pest pressure
Reliability and control
Organic Fruit
◦ Price premium
◦ Difficulties
◦ Inputs
Research
◦ Fertilizer recommendation
Further Research
Adapting HT to tall fruit crops or vice
versa
Other crops? – borderline hardy plants
Yield modeling inside HT environment
Effects of dry walkways on soil
Further studies into HT multiple effects
on soil microbes and biology
Questions and Comments
Kathy Kitchens Downie, 2012