Transcript The Role of LIS Professionals in the Open Access Era

Who Benefits from Open
Access to Scholarly Literature?
Francis Jayakanth
NCSI, IISc
[email protected]
About NCSI
About NCSI
- Established in 1983
- Was providing current awareness service to
researchers in the country
Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geology, Mathematics,
Engineering
- Was an inter-university UGC centre till March
2002
- Since April 2002, directly under the IISc
management
About NCSI
• Major activities include
– Facilitate seamless access to world-wide
scholarly information resources to the IISc
research community
– e-publishing and e-dissemination of Institute's
intellectual contributions
– Conduct teaching, research, and training in
information and knowledge management and
– Undertake sponsored & consultancy projects
The Journal System
• Traditionally, scholarly communication has been
happening through the printed journals
• The number of scientific research journals has grown,
and grown, and grown…
• There are over 25,000 STM journal titles
• Since 1950, The amount of research results getting too
large for the scientific societies
• Commercial publishers start entering the publishing market
• The cost per journal and the number of such journals are
proliferating, while the funds available to the libraries are
reducing constantly
• The term serials crisis has become common shorthand for the
runaway cost increases of many scholarly journals
Consequence?
• The ‘Men of Science’ do not
have access to all the scientific
literature they need to enable
science to progress as
efficiently and effectively as
possible
What Open Access is about?
• Its all about peer-reviewed
Scholarly Literature, which
should be
• Freely available
• Publicly available and
• Permanently available
What Open Access is not about
• Not vanity publishing or selfpublishing
• Not about non-peer-reviewed
literature
• Not about publications that scientists
expect to be paid for (e.g. books)
OA Background
In December 1-2, 2001, the Open Society Foundations*
(formerly OSI) called a meeting in Budapest of leading
proponents of open access for scientific and scholarly
journal literature. The goal was to see how far the many
current initiatives could assist one another and how OSI
could use its resources to help the cause
*a
network of foundations dedicated to promoting development of
open societies in Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, and the United
States. To date, Soros has given over $8 billion to support human
rights, freedom of expression, and access to public health and
education in 70 countries.
Two ways to Facilitate Open
Access
• Publish in Open Access Journals
(Gold Route)
• Deposit final accepted copies of
research papers in an Open Access
repository / Institutional repository
(‘self-archiving’)
OA through Open Access
Journals
OA Journals
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Open access journals are scholarly journals that
are available to the reader "without financial or other
barrier other than access to the internet itself."
Open access journals (also called the "gold road to
open access") is one of the two general methods for
providing open access. The other one (also called
the "green road") is self-archiving in a repository
The publisher of an open Access journal is known
as an open access publisher, and the process, open
access publishing
Economic Models for OA Journals
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Advertising
Endowment
Fund-raising
Hybrid OA Journals (APS, OUP, IOP)
Institutional Subsidies (SciELO)
Funding agencies or Institutions pay
Membership Fee (for Societies)
Publication Fees (Authors pay)
OA Publishers
Open Access publishers
- BioMedCentral (220+ titles)
- Public Library of Science (8 titles)
- Bentham Open (223+ titles)
- SpringerOpen (60+ titles)
- Hindawi Publishing Corporation(300+)
- Indian Academy of Sciences, Medknow,
etc.
- Directory of open access journals
(DOAJ) 7479+ titles are listed
Directory Services for OA
Journals
Open J-Gate
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- A product from
Informatics (India)
Ltd.
- Covers more than
6,500 peer-reviewed
OA Journals
(English only)
Directory of Open Access
Journals
- This service covers free,
full text, quality
controlled scientific and
scholarly journals
- There are now 7479+
journals in the directory.
Currently 3614+
journals are search-able
at article level
Open-source Journal
Management Software
OA through Self-archiving in
Institutional / Subject-based
Repositories
What is an IR?
“A university-based institutional repository is a set of services
that a university offers to the members of its community for
the management and dissemination of digital materials
created by the institution and its community members. It is
most essentially an organizational commitment to the
stewardship of these digital materials, including long-term
preservation where appropriate, as well as organization and
access or distribution”
(Clifford A. Lynch, "Institutional Repositories:
Essential Infrastructure for Scholarship in the
Digital Age" ARL, no. 226 (February 2003): 1-7.)
What IR software aims to do?
• Describe and capture digital material using
a workflow
– Provide interface for online submission of
research material
• Provide access to these material over the
web (metadata and/or full-text)
• Preserve digital material over long period
of time
• Share metadata with other IRs
Content Examples
• Published material
– Ex.: Journal papers (post-prints), book chapters,
conference papers
• Unpublished/ gray material
– Ex.: Pre-prints, working papers, minutes, theses and
dissertations, technical reports, progress/ status
reports, committee reports, course material,
presentations, multimedia material, etc.
• Supporting material
– Ex.: Data sets, models, simulations
Repository Functionalities
User Registration
Document
Submission
Approval/
Moderation
Archiving
Institutional
Repository
Dissemination
Administration
IR Software
• Installed base (as on 13 Feb 2012) - 2700+
Bepress DSpace Eprints
ETD-db
Fedora Others
131+
30+
28+
1080+
431+
Source:
Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR)
http://roar.eprints.org/index.php
900+
ePrints@IISc
Who benefits from Open
Access?
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Researchers – as authors, readers, and
teachers
Universities
Research funding organizations
Taxpayers and society at large
Who benefits from Open
Access?
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Researchers – as authors
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Citation impact
• Studies on the effect of OA on citations to articles,
show the increased citation impact that OA can
bring
• Steve Lawrence's* was the earliest study, finding in 2001
that free online access tripled citations of computer
science papers
*Free online availability substantially increases a
paper's impact
http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/eaccess/Articles/lawrence.html
The mean number of citations to offline articles is 2.74, and the
Mean number of citations to online articles is 7.03, an increase of 157%
Who benefits from Open
Access?
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Researchers – as authors
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Citation impact
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A study published in 2001 by Brody & Harnad*
showed an increase in citations to articles in
several disciplines as a result of their being OA
*Comparing the Impact of Open Access (OA) vs. Non-OA
Articles in the Same Journals
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june04/harnad/06harnad.html
Who benefits from Open Access?
• An account of how Open Access has increased
the citations of a chemist, Ray Frost
Who benefits from Open
Access?
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Researchers – as readers
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Michael Kurtz's early study on the astronomy
literature (using ADS) demonstrated that OA
can double the readership of articles
• Researchers – as teachers
• Open Access repositories also provide an
excellent means for researchers to boost
their online presence and raise their profile
Who benefits from Open Access?
• Universities
– Institutional Repositories (IRs) are becoming essential
tools for universities:
• Disseminate the intellectual outputs effectively and efficiently
• Because of the worldwide visibility, the IRs provide
universities with new impact.
• The consequence of wide dissemination and greater
research impact, IRs serve as a marketing tool for a
university.
• If the entire research output is collected in the repository then
it becomes part of the management information system of the
university
Who benefits from Open Access?
• Research funding organizations
• Research funders who need to be able to access and
keep track of outputs from their funding
• Measure and assess how effectively their money has
been spent
• They also can ensure that the results of their
spending have had the widest possible dissemination.
• It is because OA is so much in the interest of research
funders and employers that an increasing number of
them around the world are introducing OA policies
that require their funded researchers to provide Open
Access to their work
Who benefits from Open Access?
• Taxpayers and society at large
– taxpayers will end up paying twice for the
same research
OA and Developing Countries
• The problems that developing countries
have always faced with respect to
research information are two-fold:
• The inability to afford subscriptions to journals
(the N to S [North to South] knowledge gap)
• The inability to integrate national research into
the global knowledge pool (the S to N and S
to S knowledge gaps)
OA and Developing Countries
• How can OA help?
– The two routes to open access recommended
by the BOAI – (1) Institutional Repositories
(IRs) and (2) OA journals – are both proven
mechanisms for closing the information gaps
in ways that are appropriate for developing
countries
Authors' concerns about Open
Access
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Copyright
Process
Peer Review
Other worries and concerns
– Too difficulty to upload
– Takes too much of time to upload and
– So on
Authors’ Rights and Author
Addenda
• Under all jurisdictions, copyright is a bundle of
rights and authors may opt to transfer some of
these rights to the publisher
– for example, the right to publish the work
commercially and
– retaining others for themselves. For instance, authors
may wish to retain the right to reproduce, distribute,
display and perform their own work in respect of
either their research or their teaching work.
Authors’ Rights and Author
Addenda …
• Author addenda state the rights that the
author will retain after passing an article to
a publisher for publication.
• Two widely-used author addenda are
those from SPARC/Science Commons
and from SURF/JISC
• Publisher copyright policies & selfarchiving (1000+ publishers)
– http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/
Effective ways to achieve OA
- Encourage authors to use OA journals
where appropriate
- Build an archive
- Teach them how to deposit (do it for them
necessary)
- Advocate: tell authors the advantages
- Reassure: the consequences are not
disastrous
- Insist they do it (impose a mandate)
Resources
• Open Access Scholarly Information Sourcebook:
Practical steps for implementing Open Access
• http://www.openoasis.org/index.php?option=com_con
tent&view=article&id=146&Itemid=308
• SPARC institutional repository checklist &
resource guide. Release 1.0, November 2002.
http://www.arl.org/sparc
• Open Society Institute. A guide to institutional
repository software. 2nd Edition. January 2004.
http://www.soros.org/openaccess/software
Resources…
• Clifford A. Lynch. Institutional repositories:
Essential infrastructure for scholarship in the
digital age. ARL Biomonthly Report 226,
February 2003.
http://www.arl.org/newsltr/226/ir.html
• Creative Commons.
http://www.creativecommons.org/
• Project RoMEO (Rights MEtadata for Open
archiving)
http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearc
h/romeo/index.html
Thanks for your
attention!