Transcript Document

The Years Between the Wars
The Great Depression 1929-1940
Caused by a combination of factors:
1.Integrating millions of veterans back into society and the
workforce in the 1920’s caused high unemployment.
2. Boom and bust economic cycles had been the pattern since the
19th century – a rapid expansion of credit and rising stock prices
followed by a collapse of the market, reduction in investment, and
rising unemployment.
3. Overproduction of consumer products.
4. Unequal distribution of income
meant many
people could not afford the
goods being produced.
5. Wartime reparations demands
and rebuilding costs (due to
WWI, Treaty of Versailles) were
met with loans – mainly from the
U.S. – to European countries.
When the stock market crashed,
they could not be met.
6. Stock market speculation
boomed in the 1920’s, then the
crash came in 1929.
7. Weak banking system in the U.S.
led to bank failures, and then
European countries defaulted on
their debts to U.S. banks.
Global Effects of the Depression:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Unemployment soared (about 30% in U.S. and Europe in 1932)
Foreign investments dried up
Global trade dropped by 62%
Economies based on 1-2 export products were especially hard-hit.
Examples:
1.In Chile, the economy was dependent on copper
mining. World copper values diminished by 80%
during the Depression.
2.In Brazil, to protect the price of coffee,
producers destroyed enough coffee to supply the
world for a year.
3.In colonial Southeast Asia, which was a major
producer of rubber, demand dropped because no
one was buying cars in Europe or America.
•The Depression also sparked a new wave of support
for “democratic socialism” and more economic
regulations in Western Europe and the U.S.
•FDR’s “New Deal” instituted social security, a
minimum wage, and social safety-net programs.
•Many people also turned to groups advocating strong
nationalistic policies and aggressive diplomacy – such
as fascist Italy, Germany, Argentina, Spain, etc.
•The Soviet Union experienced less disruption due to
the Depression – because its command economy was
not as affected by market fluctuations and decreased
investment.
The Rise of Fascism in the 1930’s…(largely in response to economic
depression)…
Mussolini
Hitler
Francisco Franco (dictator in
Spain beginning after the
Spanish Civil War, ruled from
1936-1975)
Other things happening in the years between the wars:
•Revolution and nationalism in Mexico (1910-1921)
•Africa and the Middle East –
-modernization in Turkey and Iran
-Arab and African nationalism
-Indian
independence movement
•Communist revolution, civil war, and Japanese invasion in
China
•Militarism and imperial growth in Japan
•Europe post WWI –
-social and cultural changes
-economic depression
-rise of fascist states
Mexico
•Poor social conditions, poor working conditions, political
suppression, and opposition to the Díaz dictatorship led to the
Mexican revolution.
•The Mexican Revolution lasted from 1910-1920.
•Generally, the U.S. backed leadership that would protect U.S.
business interests in the region.
•In 1917, voters elected V. Carranza. The following reforms were
part of the Constitution of 1917:
-large estates were broken up
-foreign ownership of businesses and resources was limited
-a minimum wage was set
-the right to strike was no longer illegal
-women gained some rights, though not suffrage
•In 1916, the U.S. sent troops into Mexico to punish revolutionaries
after Pancho Villa’s forces killed American citizens in New Mexico.
•In the 1930’s, FDR withdrew troops from several areas of Latin
America, as part of his new “Good Neighbor Policy” towards Latin
America.
General Porfirio Díaz
Venustiano Carranza
As a result of US Intervention in
the revolution, Mexican
revolutionaries, such as Pancho
Villa, attacked the United States
cities of Columbus, New Mexico
on March 9, 1916, Nogales,
Arizona, and Glenn Springs, Texas
on May 9, 1916, just across the
border. Fears in Arizona arise
when the border town of Nogales
is attacked. Sightings of Villa are
everywhere and panic sets in on
Southwest border towns. Wilson
sends Federal troops, which
also includes the Arizona National
Guard, to assist in re-establishing
order.
Pancho Villa led rebel forces in north
Emiliano Zapata was leader of the rebel forces in
the south. His followers were called Zapatistas.
Soldaderas
Americans view the "Battle of
Ciudad Juarez" from El Paso,
Texas in 1911. Americans
gather to talk about and watch
the revolution unfold.
A crowd of American's watch the "Battle
of Tijuana" in 1911. Often Americans
would bring their entire families down to
the border to watch the destruction of
the revolution.
Motorized U.S. Army units and the
cavalry pursued Villa's forces
President Franklin D. Roosevelt wanted
to improved relations with Latin
American countries. The earlier "Big
Stick" approach of Theodore Roosevelt
had been tempered by Calvin Coolidge
and Herbert Hoover during the 1920s.
Now FDR pledged to "dedicate this
nation to the policy of the good
neighbor." At the Seventh PanAmerican Conference of 1933 the
countries of the Americas pledged that
no nation would intervene in the affairs
of another. The United States withdrew
its Marines from Haiti, Cuba, and
Nicaragua as part of this policy.
However, once the Cold War begins
following WWII, U.S. intervention and
military presence in Latin America
would once again increase.
Africa and the Middle East:
•In the 20th century, opposition to colonial
rule increased in Africa.
-Africans worked on European owned
plantations and mines
-They were restricted from owning and
farming land independently
-They had to pay taxes in European
currency
-They were often segregated with laws
regarding living and traveling rights.
•Protests increased after WWI, although
large, violent uprisings were rare.
•South Africa was the most prominent case of
discrimination and oppression of Africans.
-Black Africans and other peoples of color
living in South Africa were identified and
classified by skin tone.
-There were specific living quarters, laws,
curfews, and political restrictions for
blacks.
-Many leaders were jailed for long periods
of time (such as Nelson Mandela)
-Apartheid in South Africa lasted until
1989, when Afrikaner president F.W. de
Klerk began to make some reforms
Egypt:
•Nationalism was increasing in Egypt during
and after WWI; Britain granted independence
to Egypt, but still indirectly controlled the
policies and decisions of King Faud. (Recall
the Khedive rulers after Muhammad Ali who
came to rely on British military and financial
aid.)
•Many middle eastern Muslims turned to
religious organizations and leaders for
political direction; people were disillusioned
with established, royal administrations and
regimes because of cooperation with foreign
powers.
Turkey:
•Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal
overthrew the last Ottoman Sultan after
WWI. They also drove Allied occupation
forces out of Turkey following the war.
•Turkey was then declared a republic, and
Kemal (Atatürk) became president (19231938)
Atatürk
Ataturk, The father
Of the Turks
Ataturk Memorial Hall in Ankara Turkey
Atatürk’s reforms:
-created a secular law code to replace
traditional Islamic law code
-adopted the western calendar and alphabet
-outlawed polygamy and the veiling of women
-opened public schools
-encouraged industrial expansion
-built roads and railroads
•Harsh laws were often imposed to achieve these
changes; modernization often angered conservative
Islamic groups.
Iran:
•Nationalism in Persia increased due to the ailing Qajar
Dynasty’s acceptance of foreign influence.
•Forces led by the army officer Reza Khan overthrew the
last shah in 1925.
•Reza Shah Pahlavi also instituted a series of reforms to
modernize Iran:
-the western alphabet and western styles of
dress were adopted
-secular schools were opened
-industry and economy expanded
•These changes were also met with opposition from
conservative Islamic leaders (who eventually take over
Iran in 1979!)
Reza Khan
(Shah Pahlavi)
Pan-Arabism
•After WWI, there was an increase in revolts and
protests against western occupation and control of
Arab lands – (remember the British occupied Jordan,
Iraq, and Palestine and the French occupied Syria and
Lebanon.)
•Allied Powers, particularly Britain, promised to turn
over former Ottoman territory to create a Palestinian
state; they also promised to carve out a Jewish state
as well, in order to appease Zionists and European
Jews. (The Balfour Declaration).
Mahatma Gandhi
Mohandas Gandhi
• In 1888 studied law in London
• In 1893 went to South Africa to work
• Became involved in resistance to racial segregation of
Indians as 2nd class
• Returned to India in 1915 and led the nationalist movement
against the British government.
• Was a member of the INC
• Gandhi embraced the philosophy of nonviolence (ahimsa)
and passive resistance which he called satyagraha, or “soul
force,” which is based on the power of collective conscience.
Ghandi’s philosophy and tactics would influence both Nelson
Mandela and Martin Luther King Jr.
• He believed Hindus and Muslims should work together to
achieve self-rule, and stay united after independence rather
than split into two (or three!) separate countries.
• Ghandi was assassinated by a Hindu nationalist in 1948.
Photo from Mahatma Ghandi’s funeral
C
hi
n
a
Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) was the leader of
the Guomindang. He began a fierce 22 year
war for control of China with the Chinese
Communists led by Mao.
Timeline of 20th Century
China- Up to WWII
1911 – End of the Qing Dynasty
1912 – Military General Yuan
Shikai overthrows Sun Yixian and
tries to set up a new dynasty;
China becomes torn by battling
landowners/warlords
1915 – Japan takes advantage of a
weakened China; Yuan Shikai is
forced to sign the Twenty-One
Demands, making China a
Japanese protectorate
1916 – Yuan Shikai dies
Sun Yixian
(Sun Yat-sen)
1919 – As a result of the Treaty of
Versailles, Japan gains control of
former German territory in China;
the May Fourth Movement begins
1921 – Sun Yixian rebuilds the
Guomindang with the help of Jiang
Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek)
1925 – Sun Yixian dies
1926 – First clash between the
Guomindang and the Communists
1931 – Japan invades Manchuria
1934 – The Long March takes
place, lasting about a year
1937 – Japan’s airforce bombs
Chinese cities; a land invasion
follows; the Nanjing massacre
takes place.
Mao emerged as the leader of the
Chinese communist movement. He
gained a large peasant support base.
Communist Party of China (CPC)
Founded in 1921, the CPC was formed in the hopes
of transforming China into a strong communist
nation by following the Russian Revolution as a
model. It especially appealed to the peasant
population by offering land and economic reforms.
In the years following 1925, the CPC faced extreme
opposition from the KMT under Chiang Kai-shek,
who was determined to destroy the Communists.
Led by Mao Zedong, many Communists escaped
and retreated from the KMT in the Long March.
After a temporary cease-fire to fight off Japanese
invaders in WWII, the CPC and KMT continued to
fight until the CPC emerged victorious.
Mao Zedong
The Long March
1934-1935
The epic journey
of 6,215 miles
by the Red Army
The Long March
Jiang and Mao unite in 1937 to fight the Japanese
Qing Dynasty
Democracy by Sun Yat-Sen
Sun Yat-Sen’s
death
Many powerful generals fight for control of China.
Communist party is
established with support
from the Soviet Union.
Mao takes over China.
Leader of China is
now Hu JinTao.
WWII
Chiang takes over.
They fight, and
Chiang retreats to
Taiwan.
President of Taiwan is
Mah InJio.
Great Leap Forward
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•
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•
Issued in 1958, the Great Leap Forward was
supposed to raise China to an industrial world
power by increasing industry (steel) and
agriculture. (Similar to Stalin’s Five-year Plan)
Chinese operated backyard blast furnaces for
steel. Though enormous peasant effort to help
produce steel , the steel was useless and crops
died from neglect.
PRC also reorganized China’s farmland into
People’s Communes. These communes were
shared areas where thousands of people lived.
Labor replaced family life. (This was
collectivization, similar to the agriculture policies
of the U.S.S.R. under Stalin.)
Mao ordered people to kill insects and pesky
sparrows, causing insect population to increase.
The Great Leap had disastrous effects due to
heavy taxes caused by overestimated crop
production. Millions of peasants died and China
suffered severe economic depression.
•
•
Cultural Revolution
(1966-1976)
Supported by Jiang Qing (Mao’s 4th wife), Lin Biao
and other radicals in the party, Mao launched the
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.
Goal:
– Kindle revolutionary fervor, especially in the
new generation
– Gain power and stay in power
– Destroy the Four Olds which were the old
ideas, old customs, old culture, and old habits.
(Chinese culture)
– Exterminate (purge) enemies of Mao and his
supporters
– In 1996, Mao ordered mass mobilization of
Chinese youth into Red Guard units. These Red
Guards criticized (by writing da-zi-bao) and
purged teachers, officials, and intellectuals.
Caused violence everywhere around China,
attacking anyone they thought had
“bourgeoisie habits” or burning/ destroying
anything that was “Four Olds.”
Red guards