Transcript Slide 1
Ling 240: Language and Mind Phonetics Phonetics The study of physical properties of sound Sounds may not be represented systematically by spelling. Examples? Why not just spell? Sounds may not be represented systematically by spelling because... Same spelling for different sounds Combination of letters representing one sound, Some letters are silent Phonetic Alphabet One symbol represents one sound Each speech sound has a distinct symbol Cross-linguistically applicable IPA IPA symbols for Transcription [p]= pat [k]= car [h]= hat [b]= bat [g]=guard [m]=mull [f]= foot [n]= null [v]= van [ŋ]= ring [t]= tap [d]=dam IPA symbols for transcription [s] = sap [ʃ]= shine [z] = zip [ɹ]= ring [ʒ] = vision [l]= leaf [θ] = think [ʧ]= touch [j] = yes [ð] = this [ʤ]= judge [w]= with IPA symbols for transcription [i]=sheep [u]= boot [æ]=ash [ɪ]=ship [ʊ]=put [ɑ]= father [ɛ]= end [ɔ]= open [ə]=about [ʌ]= but Diphthongs (Complex Vowels) •Complex because they are twopart vowels •But count as a single sound because two vowels are articulated together. Examples: [ɑɪ] =bite [ɔɪ] = boy [eɪ]= bait IPA symbols for transcription PRACTICE! (Remember brackets!) next kite chin cat lamb meet IPA symbols for transcription PRACTICE! next [nɛkst] kite [kɑɪt] chin [ʧɪn] cat [kæt] lamb [læm] meet [mit] The Vocal Tract Consonants vs. Vowels consonantal sounds: obstruction of airflow in vocal tract vowel sounds: little to no obstruction of airflow Features of Consonants Voicing (state of the glottis) Place of articulation Manner of articulation Site for listening to the sounds of American English: http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phoneti cs/english/frameset.html Voicing Voicing Place of Articulation Articulator: Organ a speaker employs to produce and distinguish certain speech sound (e.g. lips are active articulators and hard plate is a passive articulator) Place of articulation: Identifies the location of articulators Place of Articulation Bilabial Labiodental Interdental Alveolar Palatal Velar [p] [f] [θ] [t] [ʃ] [k] [b] [m] [w] [v] [ð] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [ɹ] [ʒ] [ʧ] [ʤ] [j] [g] [ŋ] Manners of articulation Stops [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] Fricatives [f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] Affricates [ʧ] [ʤ] Liquids [l] [ɹ] Glides [w] [j] Consonant Chart for English Phonetic features of consonants To describe phonetic features of consonants, list (a) voicing (b) place of articulation and (c) manner of articulation for consonants (3 features) e.g. [p] = Voiceless bilabial stop [z] = Voiced alveolar fricative Features of vowels All vowels in English are voiced and involve a continuous flow of air through the oral cavity. English vowels can be categorized by 4 distinctive features: (1) Height of the tongue (2) Frontness/backness of the tongue (3) Tenseness/laxness i.e. whether the tongue muscle is tense or lax (4) Round/unrounded i.e. whether the lips are rounded or not Every vowel is a combination of 4 features. [i] as in meet is high front tense unrounded vowel [æ] as in pat is low front lax unrounded [ɑ] as in pot is low back lax unrounded Vowels of English What knowledge do we have about the sounds of our native language? We know which sounds are distinctive e.g. “l” and “r” are perceived as different sounds in English but not in Japanese We know which sounds can (and can’t combine) e.g. Are these possible English words? mbeem, tsub, coofb What do we know about sound in (and not in) our language? Recognize “foreign accents” How does a French speaker pronounce the word “this”? How does a German speaker pronounce the word “think”? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64vBaFOfawI