Transcript NAE - Illinois Institute of Technology

WATER AND FOOD
Charles R. O’Melia
Johns Hopkins University
[email protected]
After Alexander Zehnder
Sustainability as the Driver of
Innovation
Alexander J.B. Zehnder
Challenges in the Water Area
Waterborne disease, with emphasis on
developing countries
Water for agriculture
Water infrastructure
Pesticides, hormonally active agents,
pharmaceuticals, etc.
Water and ecosystems
400
Israel
Emirates
Jordan
300
Libya
Saudi Arabia
Korea Rep
Lebanon
200
Japan
Mauritius
Tunisia
Mauritania
Algeria
100
Lesotho Armenia
Egypt
Morocco
Yemen
Iran
Rwanda
Malawi
Kenya
Korea Dem People's Rep
Eritrea
Azerbaijan
Sri Lanka
0
Burundi
0
Zimbabwe
1000
Uzbekistan
Senegal
Togo
South Africa
-100
Net cereal import [kg/cap/yr]
500
600
Water availability and cereal import
comparison between 1980–84 and 1995–99
Benin
Turkey Niger
Ethiopia China Nigeria Ghana
Somalia
Afghanistan
Tanzania Uganda
Burkina Faso
Syria
Pakistan
India
2000
3000
Water [m3/cap/yr]
4000
5000
From Yang et al. 2003
Water availability and cereal import
comparison between 1980–84 and 1995–99
Adapted from Yang et al. 2003
5
Annual water requirement per capita for
household, services, industrial activities
(average 1990–95)
Annual water requirement
per person
Sufficient
Water stress
Scarcity
Extreme scarcity
> 1700 m3
1000 - 1700 m3
500 - 1000 m3
< 500 m3
From Falkenmark & Widstrand, 1992
7
Water availability and cereal import
comparison between 1980–84 and 1995–99
Adapted from Yang et al. 2003
8
Estimated annual world
water use total
and by sector 1900–2000
From Postel, 1992
9
Water needed to produce
1 kg of plant material (dry
weight)
Sorghum
Corn
Clover
Wheat
Potatoes
Cucumber
Alfalfa
250
350
460
500
636
713
900
Liter
Liter
Liter
Liter
Liter
Liter
Liter
10
Meat
Animals convert
5 toproduction
15 % of the energy content of
plant material into meat. The average is 10 percent.
11
Projection of water availability
From Zehnder, 1999
12
Relationship of water-use
efficiency to grain yield
Water use efficiency (kg/m3)
1.2
Irrigated
Dryland
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Y=0.259X – 0.016X2
R2=0.88
0.2
1
2
3
4
5
6
Grain yield (ton/ha)
7
8
From: Musick et al. 1994
Crop yield
Yields of selected cereals (ton/ha) average
1999 - 2003
Australia China EU (25) USA
Barley
1.87
3.39
4.19
3.14
Maize
5.10
4.81
7.85
8.55
Rice
9.15
6.20
6.47
7.14
Wheat
1.78
3.83
5.61
2.75
According to FAO, 2004
Situation 2000
From Zehnder, 2002
Virtual water flows by regions
(average over the period 1997–
2001)
Unit: cubic km
Exporter
N America
73
30
22
17
27
Importer
E Asia
C America
N&W Africa
M East
Others
149
64
58
55
71
S America
30
21
18
12
15
W Europe
E Asia
M East
N&W Africa
Others
26
25
35
21
38
Oceania
15
11
10
13
E Asia
S-E Asia
M East
Others
20
24
14
24
From Yang et al. submitted
Situation 2025
From Zehnder, 2002
ET
1.3
from
Malaysia
Virtual water as
part
of
a
country‘s
water
resource
Singapore
Rain
1.7
Virtual water imp.
Discharge
approx. 4.0
0.34
Israel
0.58
Desalination
0.15
Run-off
0.15
Rain ET
9.2 ~8.4
Discharge
External supply
0.5
1.03
Virtual water imp.
approx. 6.0
Virtual water exp.
approx. 0.35
Desalination Fossil
groundwater
0.21
0.2
3
Numbers are in km /yr
18
Water (Woda)
by Wislawa Szymborska
A drop of rain fell on my hand,
condensed from the Ganges and the Nile,
from the heavenward ascending hoarfrost on the whiskers of a seal,
from the water of broken jugs in the cities of Ys and Tyre.
On my index finger
the Caspian Sea is the open sea,
and the Pacific meekly flows into the Rudawa,
that very same river that floated as a cloud over Paris
in the year of seventeen hundred and sixty four
on the seventh of May at three in the morning.
There are not lips enough to utter
your fugitive names, O water.
In shrouds, in love-enshrouded kisses.
Eating away at stones, nourishing the rainbows.
In the sweat of dew and pyramids, of lilacs.
How much lightness there is in a drop of rain.
How delicately does the world touch me.
Whatever whenever wherever has happened
is written on the water of Babel [Chicago].
Conclusions
 Water is increasingly becoming an economic
driving force.
 Economic and political interdependence is
growing.
 Economic power of less developed countries
needs strengthening.
 Increased use of herbicides, insecticides,
nutrients, genetically modified crops.
 Significantly more water reuse can be expected.
Closure
• Environmental problems and their solutions
involve complex technological, societal, cultural,
economic, and political aspects.
• Environmental engineers and scientists must be
comfortable traversing both the technical and
the complex social terrain.
• Environmental science and technology can help
to alleviate global environmental crises and
contribute to world stability.
• We should do much more to save the lives of
millions of children who die from easily
preventable water-borne diarrheal diseases.
6 great challenges in the water area
Good water quality for
a growing population
Water infrastructure
(distribution & collection)
Water induced disasters
Disaster protection
Distribution between
humans and ecosystems
Enough
food for all
Solution for water
conflicts and fair
water share for all
24
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