Transcript Climate Change, Technological Innovation and South

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Innovative Technologies from Brazil and
the Challenge for South-South Cooperation
Jacques Marcovitch
Universidade de São Paulo
Brazil
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1. Technology and GHG Emissions
Reduction
 Sugar and Alcohol
Sugarcane bagasse energy co-generation.
Biofuels: ethanol production and distribution
 Steel Industry
Pig iron made from coal produced from certified
renewable forests
Wood carbonization process in charcoal production to
mitigate methane emissions
Co-generation of energy with recuperation of LDG
(Lindz-Donawitz Gas) gas
 Landfills
Biogas generation in landfill to flare and/or to produce
electric energy
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2. The sugar and alcohol industry in
Brazil (2004/2005)
Turn over:
USD $18 billions
Wealth generation:
2.35% of Brazilian GDP
Employment generation: 3.6 million jobs (direct + indirect)
Production:
Area: 5.5 million hectares
380 million tons of cane
26.6 million tons of sugar
15.3 billion liters of alcohol
Exports:
17 million tons of sugar
2.8 billion liters of alcohol
USD $ 3.5 billions
Area : 805,000 hectares
60 million tons of cane
Projected Expansion
3.6 million tons of sugar (+21%)
2.5 billion liters of alcohol (+27%)
USD$ 4.5 billions in five years
(2005-2010).
Source: UNICA (2005), JORNALCANA (2005), FNP (2005) and
SECEX (2005).
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3. Sugarcane bagasse for energy
co-generation
Technology in use
 Conventional (cogeneration only during harvest)
 USD $ 500 to 600 per installed kW
 Generation of 40 kW/ hour per ton of cane
Technology in development
 Condensation/extraction (co-generation the entire year)
 US$ 600-800/kW installed
 150 kWhour/t of cane
 (BIG-GT – Biomass Integrated Gasifier/Gas Turbine)
 US$ 2500/kW installed
 517kWhour/ton of cane
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3.1 . Co-generation of energy
 Each ton of cane produces 140 kg of dry
bagasse mass, 90% of which is used to produce
energy at the mill.
 Between 1980 and 2000, alcohol and sugar mills
in Brazil evolved from a dependency on 40% 50% purchased electrical energy to self-reliance.
 Self-reliance, with a balance between bagasse
availability and production energy needs and
also an excess of up to 10kWh/t of cane.
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3.1. Co-generation of energy (cont)
 Potential of 4.000 - 5.000 MW for 350 million
tons (Mt) of cane per year.
Itaipu – 18 turbines – individual capacity of 715 MW
 Recent situation
184 self-reliant producers of the alcohol and sugar
sector
In 2003, installed capacity of 1.582 MW, about 10% of
the Brazilian thermoelectric capacity
In 2002, trade of an excess of 5.360 GWh (1,6% of the
consumption of electricity in Brazil)
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4. Ethanol as biofuel
Tecnology for Ethanol Production
Car Technology using Biofuels
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4.1 Ethanol Production
 Technology has reached full maturity;
Considerable progress made between 70’s and 90’s
Productivity: 4,200 liters per hectare of cane (1980)
6,350 liters per hectare of cane (2003).
 Efficiency in the conversion of saccharose to
ethanol
Extraction and treatment of the juice (grinding)
Fermentation
Distillation
Consumption of energy and water.
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4.2. Car Technology using Biofuels
 Chronology:
1975: Brazilian energy matrix diversification with
alcohol for transports
1988: Flex technology patented in Brazil
2003: Flex Fuel vehicle in Brazil
 Alcohol + Flex-Fuel vehicle participation in total
sales:
2003: 7.0%
2004: 26.0%
2005: 46.6% (through July)
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4.3 Projected sales of ethanol and flexfuel cars
Gasohol
Source: ANFAVEA
Elaboration: UNICA
Alcohol
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Flex-fuel
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5. Green House Gases Emissions
Reduction (CO2)
Short-term potential of renewable energy generation in Brazil
Power (MW)
Energy (MWh/ year)
Emissions Reduction
(tonCO2e/year)*
3,500
21,462,000
10,731,000
Rice waste
250
1,971,000
985,500
Wood splinter
850
6,701,400
3,350,700
Solar
50
65,700
32,850
Wind
350
1,226,400
613,200
Pulp and Paper
1,600
12,614,400
6,307,200
Small scale hydro
1,200
5,256,000
2,628,000
Total
7,800
49,296,900
24,648,450
Source
Cane bagasse
Source: Cenbio/CEBDS
*Baseline: Generation of electric energy using gas
(40% of efficiency).
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5.1. Comparative Green House Gases
emissions reduction (CO2)
 Produced renewable energy/ consumed fossil
energy relation (ratio kcal/ton of cane)
1,4 corn ethanol in US;
1,9 beet ethanol in Europe;
8,3 cane ethanol in Brazil.
 Avoided emissions
2,6 - 2,7 t CO2 eq./m3 of anhydrous ethanol (added to
gasoline);
1,7 -1,9 t CO2eq./m3 of hydrated ethanol (pure use);
Production of 14 million m3 per year, 50:50 anhydrous
and hydrated, reduction of 30,1 million tCO2e.
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6. Technology innovation and the SouthSouth cooperation
 Ethanol production technology:
Main countries : India, Thailand etc…..
Caribbean countries: reduction of taxes for access to US
market
 South-South technology co-operation
Sharing of information regarding the performance of
ESTs in developing countries;
Joint R&D and demonstration programs;
Promoting the development of human resources.
Opening markets for ESTs from other developing
countries.
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7. Sugar Cane Agriculture in Brazil
North-Northeast
(20% area)
Crop season:
sept/march
Mid-South
(80% area)
crop season:
april/ november
Global Ethanol Production 2004
Thank you!
Prof. Jacques Marcovitch
Universidade de São Paulo
E-mail: [email protected]
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