Transcript Wind Power

History of
Wind Power
Large Wind Systems
 Range in size
from 100 kW to
2 MW
 Provide
wholesale bulk
power
 Require 13 mph
average wind
sites
Technology Overview
- Large Wind Projects
Projects operating at greater
than 35% capacity factors at
good wind sites
Over 98-99% availability
Select projects are delivering
power ~ 3 cents/kWh (with
Production Tax Credit)
Cost of Energy
- Large Wind Projects
12
10
8
6
4
2
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Global growth by energy source,
annual average 1990-1999
ar
Nu
cl e
al
Co
Oi
l
o
Hy
dr
tu
r
al
Ga
s
al
rm
Na
th
e
Ge
o
So
la
rP
d
V
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
W
in
Annual Rate of Growth
Fastest Growing Energy
Source in the World
Source:
Worldwatch
Institute 2000
Installed Capacity (MW)
Taking Off Worldwide
15000
Rest of World
10000
Europe
5000
United States
0
1
2
8
9
1
5
8
9
1
8
8
9
1
1
9
9
1
4
9
9
1
7
9
9
Based on information supplied by International Energy Agency.
Wind Leaders:
1. Germany
2. United States
3. Spain
4. Denmark
5. India
Total (end of 2000):
nearly 17,000 MW
2000: A Year for
Market Innovations
Several companies begin
selling green power
certificates
Several states see first largescale wind power project: PA,
NY, TN
Texas RPS fuels building
boom
2001: Wind Power Expected to
Take Off
US Wind Capacity expected
to nearly double by the end of
2001
The Northwest will see the
largest US wind project to
date with the Stateline Wind
Farm (300 MW)
An All American Resource
Rank
World Class Wind Potential
Germany’s Potential: 100 GW
North Dakota’s Potential: 250 GW
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State
North Dakota
Texas
Kansas
South Dakota
Montana
Nebraska
Wyoming
Oklahoma
Minnesota
Iowa
Colorado
New Mexico
Idaho
Michigan
New York
Illinois
California
Drag Device
Giant Brush Windmill
(1887 – 1900s)
Charles Brush
Automatically
operated
Dynamo
Charged batteries
Provided light
Earliest Use
 May be sail boats
 Persia 500 - 900 A.D.
- Drag, Vertical Axis Device
- Panemone
- Grain Grinding & Water
Pumping
 China 1219 A.D.
- Grain Grinding & Water
Pumping
 Crete
- Water pumping for livestock.
Windmills of Western World
(1270 Mediterrean Coast)
 Horizontal Axis with Sail
Wings
 Higher Efficiency
 Wooden Cogs and Ring
Gears to Transmit Power.
Halladay Fan-Type Windmill
(1854 in U.S.)
 Water Pumping
Windmill
 Pumping water for
livestock.
 Relatively light,
steel blades with
aerodynamic
shape.
 Blades hinged to
fold in high winds.
 Tail to track wind
direction.
Windmill with Pitch Change
Mechanism
Palmer Putnam’s Windmill
Darrieus Machine
(1973)
 NASA sponsored research
during oil crisis.
 No tower and major
equipment at ground level.
 Marketed by Flo Wind
 Failed to withstand forces
during high winds
 Never caught on.
Early, Large Large 2 MW Machine
(Early 1980s.)
 Developed by NASA.
 Response to problem
with downwind machine
of Ulrich Hutter.
 Large loads.
 Noisy. Interfered with
communications.
 Tested in Boone, NC
and Hawaii.
Another Early MW Machine
Federal Wind Test Center
(1974-1981)
 Tested Small & Intermediate
Wind Turbines
 Culled bad designs.
 Bergie Design is spinoff.
 UTRC's Composite,
Flexbeam Rotor
 NREL assumed control in
1989.
Danish Machines (1942)
 F.L. Smidth early
designs
 Three Blade
Upwind Machine
 Hybrid wind &
diesel systems.
 DC Generator
Vester Egesborg Turbine
(1950s)
 Johannes Juul
 Student of Poul La Cour
 First ac machine.
Gedser Wind Turbine
(1956-1957)
 Johannes Juul
 Electromechanical
Yawing
 Asynchronous
Generator
 Stall Controlled
 Special brakes for
overspeed
conditions.
The Riisage Turbine
Competing Turbine Engines
The Tvind 2 MW Machine
Bonus 20 KW
Danish Domination of 1990s
 Slow, steady growth in Europe
& Asia
 Mid-range machines
 Reliable with high availabilities.
 Conservative, Lower Efficiency
 American Company - Zond
emerged
 Green Power, State RPS
program, & Tax credits kickstarted American Market in late
1990s.
Great California Wind Rush
(1980s)
 Tax Credit based on
installed capacity.
 Lots of bad wind
turbines installed.
 Lot of turbines were
inoperable and had
high O&M.
 Conservative, Danish
machine emerged.
Avedore Wind Farm, Denmark
Middelgrunden Wind Farm
Tuno Knob Offshore Wind Farm
Vindeby Wind Farm
TVA History
 In 1980s
• Tested a 2 MW machine.
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– numerous problems
Tested small machines at
various locations.
Conducted extensive siting
 2000
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Re-examined earlier work
Meso scale computer modeling
Sodar development
Monitoring
Walk-throughs
 October 2000
•
Commissioned 2 MW project
on Buffalo Mountain
Future of Wind Power
 Expect cost to continually
drop ($0.02/kwh by 2010)
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Taller towers
Increased efficiency, less
expensive blades
– wood composite
•
Drive trains
– Direct drive
– Power electronics
•
Revolutionary change
– The Wind Power Company
down 2 blade machine
•
Larger size (1.5 – downwind
3.0 MWs)
Future of Wind Power continued
 AWEAs estimates
100,000 MW in USA
by 2020.
 Transport of wind
power from plains
states.
 Off shore wind
development
Future for the Tennessee Valley
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Taller towers
Self erecting towers
Different Power Test
procedures
Sodars for wind resource
measurements
Low wind speed turbines
Energy storage
TVA’s Plans
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RFP for wind power
on Buffalo Mountain.
Online by December
2003.
Prefer Power
Purchase Agreement.
Expansion for Green
Power Switch.
May partner with
neighboring utilities.