Transcript Wind Power
History of
Wind Power
Large Wind Systems
Range in size
from 100 kW to
2 MW
Provide
wholesale bulk
power
Require 13 mph
average wind
sites
Technology Overview
- Large Wind Projects
Projects operating at greater
than 35% capacity factors at
good wind sites
Over 98-99% availability
Select projects are delivering
power ~ 3 cents/kWh (with
Production Tax Credit)
Cost of Energy
- Large Wind Projects
12
10
8
6
4
2
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Global growth by energy source,
annual average 1990-1999
ar
Nu
cl e
al
Co
Oi
l
o
Hy
dr
tu
r
al
Ga
s
al
rm
Na
th
e
Ge
o
So
la
rP
d
V
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
W
in
Annual Rate of Growth
Fastest Growing Energy
Source in the World
Source:
Worldwatch
Institute 2000
Installed Capacity (MW)
Taking Off Worldwide
15000
Rest of World
10000
Europe
5000
United States
0
1
2
8
9
1
5
8
9
1
8
8
9
1
1
9
9
1
4
9
9
1
7
9
9
Based on information supplied by International Energy Agency.
Wind Leaders:
1. Germany
2. United States
3. Spain
4. Denmark
5. India
Total (end of 2000):
nearly 17,000 MW
2000: A Year for
Market Innovations
Several companies begin
selling green power
certificates
Several states see first largescale wind power project: PA,
NY, TN
Texas RPS fuels building
boom
2001: Wind Power Expected to
Take Off
US Wind Capacity expected
to nearly double by the end of
2001
The Northwest will see the
largest US wind project to
date with the Stateline Wind
Farm (300 MW)
An All American Resource
Rank
World Class Wind Potential
Germany’s Potential: 100 GW
North Dakota’s Potential: 250 GW
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State
North Dakota
Texas
Kansas
South Dakota
Montana
Nebraska
Wyoming
Oklahoma
Minnesota
Iowa
Colorado
New Mexico
Idaho
Michigan
New York
Illinois
California
Drag Device
Giant Brush Windmill
(1887 – 1900s)
Charles Brush
Automatically
operated
Dynamo
Charged batteries
Provided light
Earliest Use
May be sail boats
Persia 500 - 900 A.D.
- Drag, Vertical Axis Device
- Panemone
- Grain Grinding & Water
Pumping
China 1219 A.D.
- Grain Grinding & Water
Pumping
Crete
- Water pumping for livestock.
Windmills of Western World
(1270 Mediterrean Coast)
Horizontal Axis with Sail
Wings
Higher Efficiency
Wooden Cogs and Ring
Gears to Transmit Power.
Halladay Fan-Type Windmill
(1854 in U.S.)
Water Pumping
Windmill
Pumping water for
livestock.
Relatively light,
steel blades with
aerodynamic
shape.
Blades hinged to
fold in high winds.
Tail to track wind
direction.
Windmill with Pitch Change
Mechanism
Palmer Putnam’s Windmill
Darrieus Machine
(1973)
NASA sponsored research
during oil crisis.
No tower and major
equipment at ground level.
Marketed by Flo Wind
Failed to withstand forces
during high winds
Never caught on.
Early, Large Large 2 MW Machine
(Early 1980s.)
Developed by NASA.
Response to problem
with downwind machine
of Ulrich Hutter.
Large loads.
Noisy. Interfered with
communications.
Tested in Boone, NC
and Hawaii.
Another Early MW Machine
Federal Wind Test Center
(1974-1981)
Tested Small & Intermediate
Wind Turbines
Culled bad designs.
Bergie Design is spinoff.
UTRC's Composite,
Flexbeam Rotor
NREL assumed control in
1989.
Danish Machines (1942)
F.L. Smidth early
designs
Three Blade
Upwind Machine
Hybrid wind &
diesel systems.
DC Generator
Vester Egesborg Turbine
(1950s)
Johannes Juul
Student of Poul La Cour
First ac machine.
Gedser Wind Turbine
(1956-1957)
Johannes Juul
Electromechanical
Yawing
Asynchronous
Generator
Stall Controlled
Special brakes for
overspeed
conditions.
The Riisage Turbine
Competing Turbine Engines
The Tvind 2 MW Machine
Bonus 20 KW
Danish Domination of 1990s
Slow, steady growth in Europe
& Asia
Mid-range machines
Reliable with high availabilities.
Conservative, Lower Efficiency
American Company - Zond
emerged
Green Power, State RPS
program, & Tax credits kickstarted American Market in late
1990s.
Great California Wind Rush
(1980s)
Tax Credit based on
installed capacity.
Lots of bad wind
turbines installed.
Lot of turbines were
inoperable and had
high O&M.
Conservative, Danish
machine emerged.
Avedore Wind Farm, Denmark
Middelgrunden Wind Farm
Tuno Knob Offshore Wind Farm
Vindeby Wind Farm
TVA History
In 1980s
• Tested a 2 MW machine.
•
•
– numerous problems
Tested small machines at
various locations.
Conducted extensive siting
2000
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Re-examined earlier work
Meso scale computer modeling
Sodar development
Monitoring
Walk-throughs
October 2000
•
Commissioned 2 MW project
on Buffalo Mountain
Future of Wind Power
Expect cost to continually
drop ($0.02/kwh by 2010)
•
•
Taller towers
Increased efficiency, less
expensive blades
– wood composite
•
Drive trains
– Direct drive
– Power electronics
•
Revolutionary change
– The Wind Power Company
down 2 blade machine
•
Larger size (1.5 – downwind
3.0 MWs)
Future of Wind Power continued
AWEAs estimates
100,000 MW in USA
by 2020.
Transport of wind
power from plains
states.
Off shore wind
development
Future for the Tennessee Valley
Taller towers
Self erecting towers
Different Power Test
procedures
Sodars for wind resource
measurements
Low wind speed turbines
Energy storage
TVA’s Plans
RFP for wind power
on Buffalo Mountain.
Online by December
2003.
Prefer Power
Purchase Agreement.
Expansion for Green
Power Switch.
May partner with
neighboring utilities.