Transcript Slide 1

WAPOR Annual Congress (2015): Panel on
GLOBAL INDICES OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
Perceptions of Corruption Index:
A case of Global Indicators on Quality of
Governance
WAPOR Annual Congress (2015): Panel on
GLOBAL INDICES OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
PERCEPTIONS OF CORRUPTION INDEX:
A case of Global Indicators on Quality of Governance
Panel Paper # 4
Authors Team:
THE PAPER MAY NOT BE PRESENTED AT THE CONGRESS SESSION IN BUENOS AIRES PARTLY FOR
REASONS OF TIME SHORTAGE AND PARTLY BECAUSE THE AUTHORS THEAM IS NOT COMPLETELY
SATISFIED WITH THEIR RESEARCH
Initially Prepared for Presentation at:
WAPOR Annual Congress, 2015
(Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Note: The Authors team on this paper may not present it at the WAPOR Congress in Buenos Aires; their research is still in progress. The
paper is nevertheless shared with our Invited Commentators, to seek their informal feedback.
WAPOR Annual Congress (2015): Panel on
GLOBAL INDICES OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
Perceptions of Corruption Index:
A case of Global Indicators on Quality of
Governance
This Presentation has 3 Sections. Section # 1
Describes Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI),
Section # 2 is Global Corruption Barometer
and Section # 3 is Conclusions: Reflections on
the process to develop a Global Index
Page 1
WAPOR Annual Congress (2015): Panel on
GLOBAL INDICES OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
Perceptions of Corruption Index:
A case of Global Indicators on Quality of
Governance
Section #1:
CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS
INDEX (CPI)
Page 2
Perceptions of Corruption Index:
A case of Global Indicators on Quality of
Governance
WAPOR Annual Congress (2015): Panel on
GLOBAL INDICES OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
Background
• CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX is an annual publication. It has
been released every year from 1995 to 2014.
• The Corruption Perceptions Index aggregates data from a
number of different sources that provide perceptions of business
people and country experts of the level of corruption in the
public sector. Each source is standardized to be compatible
with other available sources, for aggregation to the CPI scale.
• The CPI provides an annual ranking of countries according to
perceived levels of public sector corruption. The latest ranking in
2014 included 175 countries.
• The CPI invites widespread public comment every year.
Page 3
WAPOR Annual Congress (2015): Panel on
GLOBAL INDICES OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
Perceptions of Corruption Index:
A case of Global Indicators on Quality of
Governance
CPI by the Years
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1995: 41 countries were ranked
1996: 54 countries were ranked
1997: 52 countries were ranked
1998: 85 countries were ranked
1999: 99 countries were ranked
2000: 90 countries were ranked
2001: 91 countries were ranked
2002: 102 countries were ranked
2003: 133 countries were ranked
2004: 146 countries were ranked
2005: 159 countries were ranked
2006: 163 countries were ranked
2007: 180 countries were ranked
2008: 180 countries were ranked
2009: 180 countries were ranked
2010: 178 countries were ranked
2011: 183 countries were ranked
2012: 176 countries were ranked
2013: 177 countries were ranked
2014: 175 countries were ranked
Page 4
Perceptions of Corruption Index:
A case of Global Indicators on Quality of
Governance
WAPOR Annual Congress (2015): Panel on
GLOBAL INDICES OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
Sources used in CPIs during 1995-2014
African Development Bank Governance Ratings
Bertelsmann Foundation Sustainable Governance Indicators
Bertelsmann Foundation Transformation Index
Economist Intelligence Unit Country Risk Ratings
Freedom House Nations in Transit
Global Insight Country Risk Ratings
IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook
Political and Economic Risk Consultancy Asian Intelligence
Political Risk Services International Country Risk Guide
World Bank - Country Policy and Institutional Assessment
World Economic Forum Executive Opinion Survey (EOS)
World Justice Project Rule of Law Index
Transparency International Bribe Payers Survey
Asian Development Bank Country Performance Assessment
African Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional
Assessments
World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report
Merchant International Group Grey Area Dynamics
UNECA Africa Governance Report
World Markets Research Centre
State Capacity Survey by the Center for International Earth Science Information Network
Information International Survey of Middle Eastern Businesspeople
World Bank and the EBRD Business Environment and Enterprise
Performance Survey
A multilateral development bank Survey
Gallup International on behalf of Transparency International Corruption survey
PricewaterhouseCoopers Opacity Index
World Bank World Business Environment Survey
World Economic Forum Africa Competitiveness Report
International Crime Victim Survey
World Bank and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Gallup International 50th Anniversary Survey
Wall Street Journal, Central European Economic Review Annual Survey
World Bank/Basel University World Development Report, Private Sector Survey
Internet Corruption Ranking, Göttingen University
Impulse, Peter Neumann
DRI/McGraw-Hill Global Risk Service
1980 survey from Business International, New York
2014
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
2013
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
2012
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
2011
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
2010
2009
2008
2007
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
2006
2005
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Page 5
Perceptions of Corruption Index:
A case of Global Indicators on Quality of
Governance
WAPOR Annual Congress (2015): Panel on
GLOBAL INDICES OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
African Development Bank Governance Ratings
Bertelsmann Foundation Sustainable Governance Indicators
Bertelsmann Foundation Transformation Index
Economist Intelligence Unit Country Risk Ratings
Freedom House Nations in Transit
Global Insight Country Risk Ratings
IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook
Political and Economic Risk Consultancy Asian Intelligence
Political Risk Services International Country Risk Guide
World Bank - Country Policy and Institutional Assessment
World Economic Forum Executive Opinion Survey (EOS)
World Justice Project Rule of Law Index
Transparency International Bribe Payers Survey
Asian Development Bank Country Performance Assessment
African Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional
Assessments
World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report
Merchant International Group Grey Area Dynamics
UNECA Africa Governance Report
World Markets Research Centre
State Capacity Survey by the Center for International Earth Science Information Network
Information International Survey of Middle Eastern Businesspeople
World Bank and the EBRD Business Environment and Enterprise
Performance Survey
A multilateral development bank Survey
Gallup International on behalf of Transparency International Corruption survey
PricewaterhouseCoopers Opacity Index
World Bank World Business Environment Survey
World Economic Forum Africa Competitiveness Report
International Crime Victim Survey
World Bank and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Gallup International 50th Anniversary Survey
Wall Street Journal, Central European Economic Review Annual Survey
World Bank/Basel University World Development Report, Private Sector Survey
Internet Corruption Ranking, Göttingen University
Impulse, Peter Neumann
DRI/McGraw-Hill Global Risk Service
1980 survey from Business International, New York
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
1997
1996
1995
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Page 6
Perceptions of Corruption Index:
A case of Global Indicators on Quality of
Governance
WAPOR Annual Congress (2015): Panel on
GLOBAL INDICES OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
Comparison of CPI* and GNI**-Per Capita Ranking
CPI Rank GNIPC Rank
1
25
2
48
3
35
4
24
5
8
5
11
7
6
8
23
9
13
10
30
11
31
12
27
12
34
14
38
15
33
15
39
17
95
17
16
17
36
17
18
21
74
21
81
23
26
24
69
25
10
26
61
26
37
26
1
29
118
Country
Denmark
New Zealand
Finland
Sweden
Norway
Switzerland
Singapore
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Canada
Australia
Germany
Iceland
United Kingdom
Belgium
Japan
Barbados
Hong Kong
Ireland
United States
Chile
Uruguay
Austria
Bahamas
United Arab Emirates
Estonia
France
Qatar
Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines
CPI Rank GNIPC Rank
30
142
31
93
31
54
31
55
31
64
35
68
35
*
37
47
37
45
39
120
39
62
39
53
42
145
43
43
43
72
43
56
43
65
47
102
47
70
47
86
50
139
50
71
50
148
53
57
54
59
55
40
55
110
55
169
55
124
55
200
Country
Bhutan
Botswana
Cyprus
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Poland
Taiwan
Israel
Spain
Dominica
Lithuania
Slovenia
Cape Verde
Korea (South)
Latvia
Malta
Seychelles
Costa Rica
Hungary
Mauritius
Georgia
Malaysia
Samoa
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Bahrain
Jordan
Lesotho
Namibia
Rwanda
CPI Rank GNIPC Rank
55
19
61
76
61
163
63
82
64
20
64
112
64
83
67
5
67
106
69
98
69
96
69
60
69
41
69
84
69
185
69
146
76
101
76
173
78
107
79
117
80
190
80
123
80
137
80
129
80
140
85
194
85
151
85
130
85
114
85
133
Country
Saudi Arabia
Croatia
Ghana
Cuba
Oman
The FYR of Macedonia
Turkey
Kuwait
South Africa
Brazil
Bulgaria
Greece
Italy
Romania
Senegal
Swaziland
Montenegro
Sao Tome and Principe
Serbia
Tunisia
Benin
Bosnia and Herzegovina
El Salvador
Mongolia
Morocco
Burkina Faso
India
Jamaica
Peru
Philippines
* Source CPI Ranking: Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2014
** Source GNI-Per Capita Ranking: World Bank GNIPC (Gross National Income Per Capita) Ranking 2013
Page 7
Perceptions of Corruption Index:
A case of Global Indicators on Quality of
Governance
WAPOR Annual Congress (2015): Panel on
GLOBAL INDICES OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
Comparison of CPI and GNI-Per Capita Ranking
CPI Rank GNIPC Rank
85
125
85
103
85
58
85
165
94
131
94
108
94
115
94
88
94
209
94
80
100
104
100
109
100
92
103
147
103
91
103
155
103
208
107
*
107
*
107
126
110
121
110
116
110
202
110
127
110
211
115
*
115
111
115
138
115
198
119
89
Country
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Zambia
Armenia
Colombia
Egypt
Gabon
Liberia
Panama
Algeria
China
Suriname
Bolivia
Mexico
Moldova
Niger
Argentina
Djibouti
Indonesia
Albania
Ecuador
Ethiopia
Kosovo
Malawi
Côte d´Ivoire
Dominican Republic
Guatemala
Mali
Belarus
CPI Rank GNIPC Rank
119
207
119
192
119
183
119
156
124
144
124
176
126
90
126
196
126
162
126
77
126
184
126
157
126
204
133
203
133
161
133
134
136
179
136
94
136
172
136
87
136
150
136
63
142
199
142
195
142
128
145
168
145
206
145
177
145
*
145
181
Country
Mozambique
Sierra Leone
Tanzania
Vietnam
Guyana
Mauritania
Azerbaijan
Gambia
Honduras
Kazakhstan
Nepal
Pakistan
Togo
Madagascar
Nicaragua
Timor-Leste
Cameroon
Iran
Kyrgyzstan
Lebanon
Nigeria
Russia
Comoros
Uganda
Ukraine
Bangladesh
Guinea
Kenya
Laos
Papua New Guinea
CPI Rank GNIPC Rank Country
150
213
Central African Republic
150
135
Paraguay
152
159
Congo Republic
152
182
Tajikistan
154
186
Chad
154
212
Democratic Republic of Congo
156
174
Cambodia
156
*
Myanmar
156
192
Zimbabwe
159
210
Burundi
159
*
161
140
Angola
161
201
Guinea-Bissau
161
191
Haiti
161
85
Venezuela
161
164
Yemen
166
204
Eritrea
166
*
Libya
166
153
Uzbekistan
169
105
Turkmenistan
170
97
Iraq
171
188
South Sudan
172
187
Afghanistan
173
167
Sudan
174
*
Korea (North)
174
*
Somalia
Syria
As seen by the comparison, if we take a group of countries, the CPI and GNI-Per Capita ranks match within
blocks of about 30 nation groups, except for some exceptions. These findings need to be examined thoroughly.
Page 8
WAPOR Annual Congress (2015): Panel on
GLOBAL INDICES OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
Perceptions of Corruption Index:
A case of Global Indicators on Quality of
Governance
Section #2:
GLOBAL CORRUPTION
BAROMETER
Page 9
Perceptions of Corruption Index:
A case of Global Indicators on Quality of
Governance
WAPOR Annual Congress (2015): Panel on
GLOBAL INDICES OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
Background
• GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER is an international survey by
Transparency International that has been conducted 8 times
between 2003 and 2015 (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009,
2010/2011, 2013.)
• Global Corruption Barometer 2013 was based on 12 questions.
• However, public discourse normally focuses on the first question
in the survey.
• Our paper has done extensive analysis on the Barometer as a
measure of net increase in corruption perception over the years
in different countries.
Page 10
WAPOR Annual Congress (2015): Panel on
GLOBAL INDICES OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
Perceptions of Corruption Index:
A case of Global Indicators on Quality of
Governance
List of Questions for Global Corruption Barometer 2013
Q1
Q5
Over the past 2 years, how has the level of corruption in this country changed?
To what extent do you think that corruption is a problem in the public sector in this
country?
In your dealings with the public sector, how important are personal contacts to get
things done
To what extent is this country's government run by a few big entities acting in their
own best interests
How effective do you think your government's actions are in the fight against
corruption
Q6
Perceptions of corruption, by institution
Q7
Have you paid a bribe to any one of 8 services listed in the past 12 months
Q8
What was the most common reason for paying the bribe/bribes?
Q9
Can ordinary people make a difference in the fight against corruption?
Q10
Are you willing to get involved in the fight against corruption?
Q11
Reporting corruption
Q12
Refusing to pay a bribe
Q2
Q3
Q4
Page 11
WAPOR Annual Congress (2015): Panel on
GLOBAL INDICES OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
Perceptions of Corruption Index:
A case of Global Indicators on Quality of
Governance
Public comment about the Global Corruption
Barometer focuses on the opening question:
“Over the past 2 years, how has the level of corruption
in this country changed?” (Increased a lot; Increased
a little; Stayed the same; Decreased a little; Decreased
a lot)
Net Score: % Increase - % Decrease
Page 12
Perceptions of Corruption Index:
A case of Global Indicators on Quality of
Governance
WAPOR Annual Congress (2015): Panel on
GLOBAL INDICES OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium
Bolivia
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Democratic
Republic of the
Congo
Denmark
Dominican
Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
France
Year
2013
Net
*
*
*
*
*
*
35
*
*
*
*
25
Net
10
57
83
63
25
54
*
-13
33
*
-40
41
Change in
Net figure
2013 minus
2003
16
7
57
50
*
-4
*
*
35
22
*
*
-36
2
-25
*
*
30
19
61
-25
16
43
48
*
40
*
-8
66
50
23
-19
22
76
17
-
*
55
-
24
22
-2
16
*
-
*
*
*
*
*
*
27
*
*
49
42
28
8
-14
33
65
6
-
2003
Source: Global Barometer on Corruption
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Global
Greece
Guatemala
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea (South)
Kosovo
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lebanon
Liberia
Libya
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
45
24
*
22
*
-10
28
*
*
66
-37
*
-15
50
19
*
25
*
*
*
-1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
28
14
*
*
14
*
28
*
*
*
*
*
55
*
*
6
-58
49
34
35
39
*
*
54
*
63
64
44
*
32
60
46
-5
22
12
20
25
58
28
13
79
51
15
56
39
11
41
61
25
40
63
61
30
45
42
66
*
60
*
75
-103
25
13
-3
101
-18
41
-30
26
11
-3
11
35
69
Norway
Pakistan
Palestine
Panama
Papua New
Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Senegal
Serbia
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
South Africa
South Korea
South Sudan
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
38
24
*
23
37
64
17
*
-1
40
-
*
56
-
*
20
*
29
17
29
38
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
21
*
*
27
*
*
28
33
*
*
*
*
*
45
*
*
36
15
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
54
32
-6
*
74
57
39
-83
47
-47
24
*
46
53
52
58
*
-3
61
46
-23
*
29
-58
52
57
*
74
26
65
54
58
49
20
74
49
37
35
21
64
12
57
28
1
37
34
-4
-19
22
34
-
Page 13
Perceptions of Corruption Index:
A case of Global Indicators on Quality of
Governance
WAPOR Annual Congress (2015): Panel on
GLOBAL INDICES OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
PERCEPTION ON WHETHER CORRUPTION INCREASED
NET FIGURE ON HAS CORRUPTION INCREASED IN YOUR VIEW
(Net figure = Increased minus Decreased)
Country
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Democratic Republic of the
Congo
Denmark
Dominican Republic
2003
2004
2005
2007
2011
2013
*
*
*
*
*
*
35
*
*
*
*
25
7
*
-4
*
*
35
22
*
*
-36
2
-25
*
*
*
19
*
-7
*
*
41
*
*
*
*
7
-15
23
-3
*
*
28
19
*
*
*
70
-10
*
18
*
*
*
22
*
*
21
*
*
*
*
61
57
*
27
*
39
60
54
42
*
-2
76
34
*
39
*
-5
*
39
*
*
49
*
*
*
*
7
51
*
0
*
5
42
37
*
*
18
*
12
*
25
44
*
*
54
35
49
37
25
10
2
*
25
49
55
3
83
13
47
57
44
22
36
*
47
*
30
10
57
83
63
25
54
*
-13
33
*
-40
41
57
30
19
61
-25
16
43
48
*
40
*
-8
66
50
*
*
*
*
67
55
24
16
20
*
34
71
33
26
26
*
22
*
Source: Global Barometer on Corruption
Country
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Global
Greece
Guatemala
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea (South)
Kosovo
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
2003
2004
2005
2007
2011
2013
*
*
*
*
70
*
*
11
80
*
*
*
22
*
*
*
*
*
30
*
*
49
42
28
*
*
27
*
45
24
*
22
*
-10
28
*
*
66
-37
*
-15
50
19
*
25
*
*
*
-1
*
*
*
*
*
39
21
-56
53
-27
28
-1
55
10
*
33
72
-50
*
-9
46
34
*
29
*
*
-6
-7
-27
*
-1
41
*
23
41
-26
59
26
46
54
50
-5
*
42
77
-12
*
26
77
40
*
40
*
*
-18
*
34
*
*
*
*
39
19
*
53
-30
34
40
55
17
*
57
83
37
*
3
*
45
*
52
*
*
*
13
-13
*
*
-7
-17
43
59
-68
64
34
42
71
*
0
72
38
64
16
73
57
72
60
*
31
*
*
-9
8
66
*
46
8
-14
33
65
-58
49
34
35
39
*
*
54
*
63
64
44
*
32
60
46
-5
22
12
20
25
58
28
13
Continued…….
Page 14
Perceptions of Corruption Index:
A case of Global Indicators on Quality of
Governance
WAPOR Annual Congress (2015): Panel on
GLOBAL INDICES OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
Country
Lebanon
Liberia
Libya
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Palestine
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Senegal
Serbia
2003
2004
2005
2007
2011
2013
*
*
*
*
28
14
*
*
14
*
*
*
9
28
8
*
*
-2
*
*
*
54
30
46
*
*
17
*
*
*
10
49
-28
*
*
45
76
22
*
55
30
21
*
35
26
79
51
15
56
39
11
41
61
25
*
28
*
*
*
*
*
55
*
*
6
38
24
*
23
*
*
20
*
29
17
29
38
*
*
*
*
52
34
*
*
*
*
54
*
*
34
54
45
*
*
*
*
40
56
20
40
-11
24
*
*
*
*
48
34
*
*
*
*
56
*
75
56
51
59
*
55
*
51
65
77
59
63
18
55
*
19
35
*
*
47
*
*
*
*
65
*
*
-33
56
48
*
51
*
*
18
60
12
44
2
30
*
56
2
46
69
40
66
2
34
48
46
69
*
55
55
71
-37
*
79
*
70
63
3
80
86
44
-33
82
35
40
63
61
30
45
42
66
*
60
*
75
37
64
17
*
56
54
32
-6
*
74
57
39
-83
47
-47
Country
2003
2004
2005
2007
2011
2013
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
South Africa
South Korea
South Sudan
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Sweden
*
*
*
*
*
21
*
*
27
*
*
28
*
-12
*
*
*
-3
*
*
24
*
*
*
*
-9
*
*
*
53
28
*
39
*
*
*
*
-6
*
*
*
41
*
*
32
*
*
51
-23
10
*
68
50
39
*
50
70
17
50
*
24
*
46
53
52
58
*
-3
61
46
-23
*
Switzerland
Taiwan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
33
*
*
*
*
*
45
*
*
36
15
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
39
24
*
*
*
*
-6
*
14
31
24
-7
*
18
*
*
*
*
42
8
*
27
43
*
4
*
28
47
54
49
*
59
*
*
*
*
36
*
*
41
*
*
22
*
20
57
53
*
*
11
*
*
*
*
47
19
43
-10
*
*
31
46
22
64
66
*
50
79
45
66
55
29
29
-58
52
57
*
74
26
65
54
58
49
20
74
49
37
35
21
64
Source: Global Barometer on Corruption
Page 15
WAPOR Annual Congress (2015): Panel on
GLOBAL INDICES OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
Perceptions of Corruption Index:
A case of Global Indicators on Quality of
Governance
Section #3:
CONCLUSIONS:
Reflections on the process to develop a
Global Index
Page 16
WAPOR Annual Congress (2015): Panel on
GLOBAL INDICES OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
Perceptions of Corruption Index:
A case of Global Indicators on Quality of
Governance
The TI studies on Corruption are one of the most widely publicized
annual studies. Their success in attracting attention among citizens
and policy makers provides important learnings for development of
policy relevant global indices of perceptions. The following lessons
are worth noting.
A. SIMPLICITY
The idea of a global indicator based on a small set of Perception
Questions was a simple but novel idea which caught the imagination
of the world. The annual (or periodic) ranking of nations by TI has
made positive contribution towards the cause of Good
Governance.
B. MEDIA
The Media exposure sucked in political incumbents and Challengers
into the Debate. Trending the Rank Order on a Yearly basis made.
Page 17
WAPOR Annual Congress (2015): Panel on
GLOBAL INDICES OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
Perceptions of Corruption Index:
A case of Global Indicators on Quality of
Governance
significant contribution. The simple 5 point Index emerging out of one
Perception Question(Has Corruption Increased Declined or
Remained the Same) became a Politically Sensitive Number in many
Countries. Has their Rank among Nations risen or fallen could put
governments in the dock or permit them room to celebrate.
PROMISE
The Simplicity of the Index combined with the Ranking of Nations, and
Trending on an Annual basis, lies at the heart of the success of TI
studies on corruption.
In order to sustain the success of TI studies on corruption we need to
engage in Scientific Review of the Validity of the Index as well as
Accuracy of Ranking Exercise in terms of statistical validity of Ranked
positions among the Universe of polled countries.
We would like to engage the WAPOR community in this exercise.
Page 18
THANK YOU