Transcript High Power Converters and Applications

EE8407
Power Converter Systems
Topic 3
Graduate Course EE8407
Bin Wu
PhD, PEng
Professor
ELCE Department
Ryerson University
Contact Info
Office: ENG328
Tel:
(416) 979-5000 ext: 6484
Email:
[email protected]
http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~bwu/
Ryerson Campus
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
Topic 3
Topic 3
Multi-pulse Diode Rectifiers
i A  i a  i a~
N2
ia
Llk
id
a
vA
A
Ls i A
N1
b
vB
B
N3
Cd 
c
  0
Llk
i a~
Vd
a~
vC
C
~
b
  30 
c~
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
Multi-pulse Diode Rectifiers
Topic 3
Lecture Topics
• Six-pulse Diode Rectifier (Building Block)
• Series-type 12-, 18- and 24-pulse rectifiers
• Separate-type 12-, and 18-pulse rectifiers
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
Multi-pulse Diode Rectifiers
Topic 3
Why Use Multipulse Diode Rectifiers?
• To reduce line current THD;
• To improve input power factor; and
• To avoid semiconductor devices in series.
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
Topic 3
• Resistive Load
id
va
vb
vc
a ia
D1
D3
D5
b ib
vd
Rd
c ic
D4
D6
D2
Supply Voltages:
va  2 VPH sin(wt )
vb  2 VPH sin(wt - 2p / 3)
vc  2 VPH sin(wt - 4p / 3)
vab  va - vb  2 VLL sin(wt  p / 6)
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
Topic 3
• Waveforms
vc
vb
va
v
0
p
va
vd
vd
v ab
v ac
vbc
vba
vca
A1
0
ia
wt
2p
p
6
v ab
V do
wt
p
2
0
I
vcb
II
p
2p
wt
D1 , D6 D1 , D2
ON
ON
3 2
area A1
1 p /2
VLL » 1.35VLL
Vdo 

òp / 6 2 VLL sin (wt  p / 6 ) d (wt ) 
p
p /3
p /3
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
Topic 3
• Capacitive Load
id
va
vb
vc
D1
Ls
a ia
Ls
b ib
Ls
D3
D5
R
Cd

Vd
Vd
c ic
D4
D6
D2
(a)
(b)
Assumption:
C d    Vd  constant
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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Topic 3
Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
• Waveforms
v
vab
vac
vbc
vba
v ca
vcb
vab
vac
Vd
0
p
ia
2p
wt
wt
0
ib
wt
0
ic
wt
0
id
0
D1 , D6
ON
D1 , D2
ON
p
2p
wt
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
Topic 3
• Discontinuous Current Operation
vab
v
vac
Vd
0
id
0
p /3
p /3
p
Ip
q1 q 2 q 3 q 4
q5
wt
wt
 Vd 

 2 VLL 
q 2  p - q1
q1  sin -1 
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
Topic 3
Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
• Discontinuous Current Operation
id
va
vb
vc
D1
D3
vab
v
D5
vac
Ls a ia
Vd
Ls b ib
Vd
p /3
id
Ls c ic
D4
D6
2 Ls
1
id (q ) 
2w Ls

q1 q 2 q 3 q 4
d id
 vab - Vd
dt
òq (
q
1
p /3
p
Ip
0
D2
Differential Equation:
Solution:
0
q5
wt
wt
q1 £ wt < q 3
2VLL sin (w t ) - Vd )d (w t )
1
( 2 VLL (cosq1 - cosq )  Vd (q1 - q ))
2w Ls
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
Topic 3
• Discontinuous Current Operation
vab
v
vac
Vd
0
id
0
p /3
p /3
p
Ip
q1 q 2 q 3 q 4
q5
wt
wt
1
( 2VLL (cosq1 - cosq 2 )  Vd (q1 - q 2 ))
Ip 
Peak dc current:
2w Ls
1 q3
id (q ) d (q )
Average dc current: I d 
ò
q
1
p /3
cosq1 - cosq 3
Vd
Voltage – theta relation:

q1 - q 3
2 VLL
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
Topic 3
Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
• Continuous Current Operation
i
id
va
vb
vc
D1
D3
ib
ia
ic
Ip
D5
Ls a ia
p
ib
Ls b ib
Vd
Ls c ic
id
ic
qc
I
D4
D6
D2
2p
wt
ia

II
III
Ip
D1
On-state
D1 , D2 D2 D2 , D3
Diode
D
wt
3
Note:
- With the increase of the load current, the rectifier will
enter into continuous current operation.
- During commutation interval, three diodes are on.
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
Topic 3
Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
• Definition of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
2 Va sin w1t
Phase voltage (pure sine): va 
Line current (distorted): ia 
RMS line current:
Line current THD:
 1
Ia  
 2p
THD 


n 1, 2 , 3,...
2p
ò0
2 I an ( sin (w nt ) -  n )
1/ 2
(ia )2 d (w t ) 

1/ 2

2 

   I an
 n1, 2,3,... 

I a2 - I a21
I a1
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
Topic 3
• Definition of Power Factor (PF)
Per-phase average (real) power: P 
1
2p
ò
2p
0
va ´ ia d (w t )  Va I a1 cos1
Per-phase apparent power:
S  Va I a
Total power factor (PF): PF 
Va I a1 cos1 I a1
P


cos1  DF ´ DPF
S
Va I a
Ia
Distortion factor (DF) :
DF  I a1 / I a
Displacement power factor (DPF) :
PF = f (THD) :
PF 
DPF  cos 1
DPF
1  THD 2
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
Topic 3
• Per Unit System
Rated power, rated lint-to-line voltage:
S R , VR
VR
and w B  2p f1
3
S
V
Base current and impedance:
I B  R and Z B  B .
3VB
IB
Z
1
Base inductance and capacitance: LB  B and CB 
wB
wB ZB
Example
Base voltage and frequency:
VB 
Rectifier ratings: 4160V, 60Hz, 2MVA.
Base current = 277.6A, Base inductance = 22.9mH.
Line inductance = 2.29mH = 0.1pu
Line current = 138.8A = 0.5pu
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
Topic 3
• Typical Waveforms / Harmonic Content
1.00
ia
0.50
ia1
0.282
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
(a) Ia1 = 0.2 pu
2.00
ia
1.00
ia1
1.41
0.00
-1.00
-2.00
0
Harmonics
n
I an / I a1 (%)
I a1  0.2pu
I an / I a1 (%)
I a1  1pu
p
5
2p
(b) Ia1 = 1 pu
7
11
13
4p
3p
17
19
23
25
THD
(%)
63.4 38.7 8.99 8.64 4.22 3.61 2.48 2.02 75.7
30.4 8.79 6.31 3.40 2.30 1.89 1.04 1.03 32.7
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
Topic 3
Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
• THD and PF
100
THD(%)
1.0
A: Ls = 0.05
B: Ls = 0.10
C: Ls = 0.15
80
60
PF
C
0.9
B
0.8
A
A
40
A: Ls = 0.05
B: Ls = 0.10
C: Ls = 0.15
0.7
B
C
20
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
(a) THD
0.8
I a1(pu)
0.6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
I a1(pu)
(b) PF
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
12-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
• Rectifier Topology
i A  i a  i a~
N2
ia
Llk
Topic 3
id
a
vA
A
Ls i A
N1
b
vB
N3
Cd 
c
  0
B
Llk
i a~
Vd
a~
vC
C
~
b
• Series type:
Two six-pulse rectifiers
are in series at the output.
  30
• Phase shifting transformer:
  Va~b~ - VAB  30
• Secondary line-to-line voltage:
• Turns ratio:
N1
 2 and
N2
c~
Vab  Va~b~  VAB / 2
N1
2

.
N3
3
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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12-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
Topic 3
• Simplified Block Diagram
i A  i a  i a~
ia
Llk
N2
id
a
vA
A
Ls i A
N1
b
vB
Cd 
c
  0
B
Llk
N3
ia~
Vd
a~
vC
C
~
b
c~
  30
(a) 12-pulse diode rectifier
id
i A  ia  ia~
Ls i A
Llk
ia
  0
Cd 
Vd
Llk
ia~
  30
(b) Simplified diagram
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
Topic 3
12-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
• Waveforms and FFT
1.50
(pu)
0.75
0
 / I a 1
I an
id
ia1 ( I a1  1pu )
ia
 / I a 1  I an / I a1
I an
0.4
n=5
0.2
-1.50
11
13
n=1
0.8
ia~
17
19
(a)
I a~ n / I a~ 1
ia  ia / 2
0
7
0
(a)
0.40
THD = 24.1%
0.6
-0.75
0.80
n=1
0.8
THD = 24.1%
I a~ n / I a~ 1  I a~ n / I a~1
0.6
0.4
-0.40
0.2
-0.80
0
0.75
0
11
I A n / I A1
i A  ia  ia~
i A1 ( I A1  1pu )
0.8
13
17
19
n=1
THD = 8.38%
0.6
0.4
-0.75
-1.50
0
7
(b)
(b)
1.50
n=5
0.2
p
2p
(c)
3p
4p
11
13
0
0
250
500
750
1000
f (Hz)
(c)
• No 5th or 7th harmonics in the line current.
• Primary line current THD: 8.38%
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
12-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
Topic 3
• THD and PF
25
THD(%)
1.00
A: Ls = 0.00
B: Ls = 0.05
C: Ls = 0.10
(Llk = 0.05)
20
PF
0.98
A
B
0.96
15
C
A
B
10
A: Ls = 0.00
B: Ls = 0.05
C: Ls = 0.10
(Llk = 0.05)
0.94
C
5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
(a) THD
0.8
I A1(pu)
0.92
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
I A1(pu)
(b) PF
Comparison with six-pulse rectifier:
• THD is reduced; and
• PF is improved.
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
18-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
Topic 3
• Converter Topology
id
i A  ia  ia~  ia
Ls
Z
Llk
ia
  -20
iA
Llk
ia~
Cd 
Vd
  0
Z
Llk
ia
  20
Phase-Shifting
(Zigzag) Transformer
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
18-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
Topic 3
• Simulated Waveforms
0.60
(pu)
0.30
ia
0
ia~  ia~ / 3
ia
THD = 23.7%
-0.30
-0.60
(a)
1.50
i A  ia  ia~  ia
0.75
THD = 3.06%
0
-0.75
-1.50
0
p
2p
3p
4p
(b)
• No 5th, 7th, 11th, or 13th harmonics in the line current.
• Lowest harmonic: 17th
• Line current THD: 3.06%
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
18-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
Topic 3
• Measured Waveforms
ia
ia~
ia
iA
(a) Currents:
(b) Spectrum:
2 pu/div, 5ms/div
2 / 5 pu/div, 200Hz/div
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
18-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
Topic 3
• THD and PF
10
THD(%)
1.00
A: Ls = 0.00
B: Ls = 0.05
C: Ls = 0.10
(Llk = 0.05)
8
A
6
PF
A
B
0.98
C
0.96
B
4
A: Ls = 0.00
B: Ls = 0.05
C: Ls = 0.10
(Llk = 0.05)
0.94
C
2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
(a) THD
0.8
I A1(pu)
0.92
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
I A1(pu)
(b) PF
Comparison with 12-pulse:
Improved THD
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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24-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
Topic 3
• Converter Topology
id
Z
Llk
ia
  -15
i A  ia  ia~  ia  ia)
Ls
iA
Llk
ia~
  0
Z
Cd 
Llk
Vd
ia
  15
Llk
ia)
  30
Phase-Shifting
(Zigzag) Transformer
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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24-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
Topic 3
• Typical Waveforms
0.60
(pu)
0.30
ia~  ia~ / 4
ia
0
THD = 24.0%
3p
p
-0.30
-0.60
(a)
0.60
THD = 24.0%
0.30
ia)
ia
0
-0.30
-0.60
1.50
(b)
i A  ia  ia~  ia  ia)
0.75
THD = 1.49%
0
-0.75
-1.50
0
p
2p
(c)
3p
4p
• Lowest line current harmonic: 23th
• THD: 1.49%
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
24-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
Topic 3
• THD and PF
THD(%)
8
1.00
A: Ls = 0.00
B: Ls = 0.05
C: Ls = 0.10
(Llk = 0.05)
6
PF
C
0.96
4
A
B
2
0.94
A: Ls = 0.00
B: Ls = 0.05
C: Ls = 0.10
(Llk = 0.05)
0.92
0
0.2
C
0
A
B
0.98
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
(a) THD
0.8
I A1(pu)
0.4
0.6
0.8
I A1(pu)
(b) PF
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
Topic 3
12-pulse Separate-type Diode Rectifier
• Rectifier Topology
id
i A  ia  ia~
Ls i A
Llk
ia
Cd
  0
Vd
L
O
A
D
Vd~
L
O
A
D
id~
Llk
ia~
Cd
  30
• Separate Type
Each six-pulse rectifier feeds a separate dc load.
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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Topic 3
12-pulse Separate-type Diode Rectifier
• Application Example
  0
  0
  0
  30
  30
  30
Phase Shifting
Transformer
M
Multilevel Cascade
H-bridge Inverter Fed Drive
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
Topic 3
12-pulse Separate-type Diode Rectifier
• Typical Waveforms
2.00
(pu)
1.00
id~
id
0
p
ia
-1.00
-2.00
2p
3p
(a)
1.00
ia  ia / 2
ia~
0.50
0
• Comparison with series-type:
-0.50
-1.00
1.50
(b)
- DC current ripple: higher
i A  ia  ia~
0.75
- Line current THD: close
0
-0.75
-1.50
2p
(c)
p
0
 / I a 1
I an
n=1
0.8
THD = 32.7%
 / I a 1
I a~ n / I a~ 1  I an
0.6
n=5
0.4
0.2
7
11
0
I A n / I A1
0.8
4p
3p
13
17
19
n=1
THD = 7.36%
0.6
0.4
0.2
11
13
0
0
250
500
(d)
750
1000
f (Hz)
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
Topic 3
12-pulse Separate-type Diode Rectifier
• Measured Waveforms
ia
ia~
iA
(a) Currents:
(b) Spectrum:
2 pu/div, 5ms/div
2 / 10 pu/div, 200Hz/div
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
32
EE8407
Topic 3
12-pulse Separate-type Diode Rectifier
• Line Current THD and Input PF
25
THD(%)
1.00
A: L s = 0
B: L s = 0.05 pu
C: L s = 0.10 pu
20
PF
Continuous
Current Mode
0.98
( L lk= 0.05 pu )
15
A
0.96
B
A: L s = 0
0.94 B: L s = 0.05 pu
C: L s = 0.10 pu
A
10
B
5
C
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.92
0
IA1 (pu)
C
( Llk= 0.05 pu )
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
IA1 (pu)
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
33
EE8407
Topic 3
18-pulse Separate-type Diode Rectifier
• Rectifier Topology
id
i A  ia  ia~  ia
Ls
Z
Llk
ia
  -20
iA
Llk
ia~
  0
Z
Cd
Vd
L
O
A
D
Vd~
L
O
A
D
Vd
L
O
A
D
id~
Cd
id
Llk
  20
ia
Cd
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
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EE8407
Topic 3
18-pulse Separate-type Diode Rectifier
• Simulated Waveforms
0.80
(pu)
0.40
ia~  ia~ / 3
0
ia
-0.40
-0.80
1.50
THD = 32.7%
ia
(a)
i A  ia  ia~  ia
0.75
THD = 3.05%
0
-0.75
-1.50
0
p
2p
3p
4p
(b)
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
35
EE8407
Topic 3
18-pulse Separate-type Diode Rectifier
• Line Current THD and Input PF
10
THD(%)
1.00
A: Ls = 0
B: Ls = 0.05pu
C: Ls = 0.10pu
8
PF
Continuous
Current Mode
0.98
A
( Llk= 0.05pu )
0.96
B
C
B
A: Ls = 0
B: Ls = 0.05pu
0.94 C: L = 0.10pu
s
C
( Llk= 0.05pu )
6
A
4
2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
IA1 (pu)
0.92
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
IA1 (pu)
36
EE8407
Topic 3
24-pulse Separate-type Diode Rectifier
• Line Current THD and Input PF
8
THD(%)
1.00
A: Ls = 0
B: Ls = 0.05pu
C: Ls = 0.10pu
6
PF
Continuous
Current Mode
0.98
A
( Llk= 0.05pu )
4
B
0.96
A
C
A: Ls = 0
B: Ls = 0.05pu
0.94 C: L = 0.10pu
s
B
2
C
( Llk= 0.05pu )
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.92
0
IA1 (pu)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
IA1 (pu)
37
EE8407
Topic 3
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006
38