Transcript Introduction to Designing for the Environment for

WEEE, RoHS, EuP, REACH, IPP
& ISOTR14062
Professor Martin Charter
Director
The Centre for Sustainable Design
Martin Charter & Associates
All the expertise you need
Waste from Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) Directive: Objectives
• The reduction of waste electrical and electronic equipment
going to landfill
• To increase re-use, recycling and other forms of recovery, and
therefore help conserve the worlds limited resources.
• To improve the environmental performance of all operators in the life
cycle of electrical and electronic products.
Waste from Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) Directive: Coverage
Producer means all companies that sell in the EU:
- manufacturing selling EEE under own brand
- companies reselling under own brand other’s products
- companies professionally importing or exporting into the EU
- ‘first holder’
- Includes distance selling, internet sales, etc
Waste from Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) Directive: Background
• Published – February 2003
• Member States (MS) transposition by August 2004
• This is an Article 175 Directive – which sets minimum levels and
means that WEEE will be transposed differently in separate MS
• Basic Requirements: electronics producers to establish and finance
systems for the collection and recycling of separately collected
electronic products from the 13th August 2005 .
• Meet recovery and recycling targets according to product
category by the 31st December 2006
• The separation of hazardous components and materials at end
of life also by 31st December 2006
Waste from Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) Directive: Collection
• Member States must ensure that 4 kg of WEEE from private
households is collected on average per inhabitant per year
beginning December 31, 2006
• New collection targets will be set by Dec 31, 2008 based on the
percentage of quantities of EEE sold to private households in the
preceding years
• Consumers can return WEEE free of charge
• Retailers must offer free take-back
• Business to Business: commercial arrangements
Waste from Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) Directive: Financial
Requirements
• Producers of all new products sold on the EU market after August
13, 2005 will be financially responsible for their own waste
• Provide a financial guarantee for future recycling
Proof that in a collective system, OR
Recycling insurance, OR
Blocked bank account
Waste from Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) Directive: Historic/
Orphaned Products
• Existing producers are responsible
• By proportion of market share, by type of equipment, when costs
occur
• Processed through a collective system.
Waste from Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) Directive: UK Clearing
House
• The Clearing House would possibly allocate each collection to an
individual or groups of producers, who would have to collect their
waste within a set time for treatment.
The producers or their compliance organisations must contract with
treatment organisations for recycling and reporting of data.
Waste from Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) Directive: UK Clearing
House
• Provide a free collection service, on demand within a stipulated
timescale, from a civic amenity (CA) and retailer collection sites
• Run and operated by producers – ‘ not for profit’
• Allocate WEEE direct to producers to arrange treatment, recovery
and recycling
• Work with enforcement authorities
• Could hold register of producers, collect data on products put onto
the UK market
Waste from Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) Directive: Recovery and
Recycling
• Recovery and recycling targets - 31st December 2006
• Recycling includes re-use of components, and processing material
and substances for use in future products.
• Recovery includes the recycling element plus incineration for energy
recovery and composting.
Waste from Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) Directive: Recovery/
Recycling Targets By Product Category
Product categories
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Large Household appliances
Small household appliances
IT and Telecommunications
Consumer equipment
Lighting equipment
Electrical and electronic tools
Toys, leisure & sports
Medical devices
Monitoring and control equipment
Automatic dispensers
Gas discharge lamps
Recovery/recycling
targets
80/75
70/50
75/65
75/65
70/50
70/50
70/50
No targets yet
70/50
80/75
80/80
Waste from Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) Directive: Treatment 1
• Producers must treat WEEE beginning 31st December 2006:
– Pre-treatment by disassembly, shredding, recovery or
preparation for disposal of WEEE
– Removal of all fluids and selective treatment
– Can be done on an individual or collective basis
– Third party organisations may be used
– Minimum quality, storage and treatment requirements
– Permits will be required to treat WEEE
– Treatment outside EU is possible
Waste from Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) Directive: Treatment 2
• Separation of hazardous components and
materials at ‘end of life’ including:
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Asbestos waste and components containing asbestos
Mercury containing components
Batteries
Printed circuit boards over 10 square cms (all mobiles)
Toner cartridges, liquid and pasty as well as colour
Cathode ray tubes (CRTs)
Liquid crystal displays over 100 square cms
Electrolyte capacitors
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) containing capacitors
Plastics: brominated flame retardants
External electric cables
Waste from Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) Directive: Requirements
on Producers
• Producers of all new products sold on the EU market after August
13, 2005 must:
– Consider product content and design
– Provide information to users
– Mark the product with crossed-out dustbin and possibly date
Waste from Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) Directive: Marking and
Information
Government proposes to meet the Directives provisions by:
• Obligation on producers to meet the Directive’s marking
requirements (will take account of CENELEC standard)
• Obligation on producers to make available information, on request,
on scope for recycling of their products
• Obligation on retailer take-back organisation to signpost consumer
to local WEEE collection
Waste from Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) Directive: Register of
Producers
• The WEEE Directive requires a register of products
• Government has proposed that registration be a condition of placing
electrical and electronic equipment on the UK market
• Aiming at light touch registration
• Register could be held by “Clearing House”
• Environment Agencies to enforce
Restriction of Hazardous Substances
(RoHS) Directive: Background
• Published - February 2003
• Member States transposition by August 2004
• Lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, PBB, and PBDE
banned from 1st July 2006
• The producer is responsible for all costs
• This is an Article 95 Single Market Directive. Non-compliance could
result in products being banned for sale within the EU until the
offending substance(s) is removed
Restriction of Hazardous Substances
(RoHS) Directive: Scope
• All products in the WEEE Directive except medical equipment and
monitoring and control equipment
• This Directive does not apply to spare parts for the repair, or to the
reuse, of electrical and electronic equipment put on the market
before 1 July 2006.
Restriction of Hazardous Substances
(RoHS) Directive: Lead
• A threshold limit of 0.1% of homogeneous material will be put on the
use of lead (The definition of homogeneous material has not yet been
agreed)
• Lead could be used in:
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solder for electronics
SMD pads
protective covering for cables
heat transfer medium
batteries
pigments
corrosion inhibitors
paints
protection from X-rays
alloy in steel, copper and other metals
plastics
ceramics.
Restriction of Hazardous Substances
(RoHS) Directive: Lead Exemptions
• Lead in glass of cathode ray tubes, electronic components and
fluorescent tubes
• Lead as an alloying element in steel containing up to 0.35% lead by
weight, aluminium containing up to 0.4% lead by weight and as a
copper alloy containing up to 4% lead by weight
• Lead in solders for servers, storage and storage array systems
(exemption granted until 2010)
• Lead in solders for network infrastructure equipment for switching,
signalling, transmission as well as network management for
telecommunication
• Lead in electronic ceramic parts (e.g. piezoelectronic devices)
Restriction of Hazardous Substances
(RoHS) Directive: Cadmium
• A threshold limit of 0.01% of homogeneous material will be put on
the use of Cadmium
• Cadmium could be used in:
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steel and copper alloys.
electroplating for steel & cast iron,
stabilisers in polymers,
pigments in paints and plastics,
batteries including Ni-Cd,
solder including for aluminium,
reactor control rods,
catalysts
Restriction of Hazardous Substances
(RoHS) Directive: Cadmium Exemptions
• Cadmium plating except for applications banned under Directive
91/338/EEC amending Directive 76/769/EEC relating to restrictions
on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and
preparations
• 91/338/EEC bans cadmium plating in the following applications:
– Equipment and machinery for food production agriculture, cooling
and freezing, printing and book-binding. Production of household
goods, furniture, sanitary ware, central heating and air conditioning
plant, paper and board, textiles and clothing
– Industrial handling equipment and machinery, road and agricultural
vehicles, rolling stock, and vessels. Exemptions for safety critical
applications/sectors including electrical contacts in any sector of
use, on account of the reliability required of the apparatus on which
they are installed
Restriction of Hazardous Substances
(RoHS) Directive: Mercury
• A threshold limit of 0.1% of homogeneous material will be put on the
use of Mercury
• Mercury could be used in:
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accumulators
anti-fouling paints
back lights for LCDs
barometers
batteries
electrical switches
electric rectifiers
high density discharge lamps
pyrometers
thermostats.
Restriction of Hazardous Substances
(RoHS) Directive: Mercury Exemptions
• Mercury in compact fluorescent lamps not exceeding 5 mg per lamp
• Mercury in straight fluorescent lamps for general purposes not
exceeding
– halophosphate 10 mg
– triphosphate with normal lifetime 5 mg
– triphosphate with long lifetime 8 mg
• Mercury in straight fluorescent lamps for special purposes
• Mercury in other lamps not specifically mentioned in this Annex
Restriction of Hazardous Substances
(RoHS) Directive: Hexavalent Chromium
• A threshold limit of 0.1% of homogeneous material will be put on the
use of Hexavalent Chromium
• Hexavalent Chromium could be used in:
• electroplating plating of metals, (fasteners, electronic
components)
• pigments
• plastics etchant for electroless plating,
• solderability preservatives
Restriction of Hazardous Substances
(RoHS) Directive: Hexavalent Chromium
Exemptions
• Hexavalent chromium as an anti-corrosive in carbon steel cooling
systems in absorption refrigerators.
Restriction of Hazardous Substances
(RoHS) Directive: PBBs
• A threshold limit of 0.1% of homogeneous material will be put on the
use of Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs)
• PBBs could be used in:
• plastic components
• wiring
• vehicle (under bonnet) connectors
• housings
• textiles.
Restriction of Hazardous Substances
(RoHS) Directive: PBDEs
• A threshold limit of 0.1% of homogeneous material will be put on the
use of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs).
• PBDEs could be used in:
• plastic components
• textiles.
Restriction of Hazardous Substances RoHS
Directive: PBDEs Exemptions
• Penta and Octa - BDEs are included in the ban
• Deca - BDE is a undergoing separate risk assessment. It will
probably be exempted.
Energy Using Products (EuP) Directive:
Background
What is the EuP Directive?
• Since over 80% of all product-related environmental impacts are
determined during the product design phase, integrating
environmental considerations early into the product development
process is the most effective way of reducing their impact. This is
what the EuP is trying to address.
• The EuP Directive attempts to set a common framework under
which this should be done for energy using and producing products.
Energy Using Products (EuP) Directive:
Scope
• EuP Directive applies to products dependent on energy input and
output by electricity, fossil and renewable fuels. It includes parts
intended to be incorporated in the EuP
• EuP Directive does not apply to products used for transportation
Energy Using Products (EuP) Directive:
Status
• The proposal has just passed the Committee stage in the European
Parliament.
• European Parliament and the Council have been rushing to
complete work on adopting it before the European Parliament
elections and the enlargement of the EU this year.
• Proposal to change the focus from Article 95 (Single Market) to
Article 175
Energy Using Products (EuP) Directive:
Impact
Orgalime Press Statement
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“This is one of the most ambitious, complex and far reaching
pieces of legislation which our industries have faced in the last
twenty years…”
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“EuP will indeed establish a framework in an area, which is at the
core of the manufacturer’s competence, namely the design of his
product.”
Energy Using Products (EuP) Directive: A
Framework Directive
What is a Framework Directive?
• It sets guidelines and rules on how any new laws on specific
product(s) within the scope of the Framework, called implementation
legislation, should be written.
• The Framework Directive will focus on products:
- Large volume
- Major environmental impacts
- Areas for improvement
• Any implementation legislation can then be introduced rapidly.
Energy Using Products (EuP) Directive:
Ecological Profile
Companies will be required to produce an ‘Ecological Profile’ of a
product. This consists of two parts:
• Generic Eco-design Requirements: Gives general principles and
criteria on how eco-design should be applied during product launch.
• Specific Eco-design Requirements: Specific limits/targets to be
met.
Energy Using Products (EuP) Directive:
Components & Sub-assemblies
• Suppliers of components and sub-assemblies will have to supply the
information to allow manufacturers of energy using products (EuPs)
to build an ecological profile of their products.
• This could result in suppliers having to provide information on:
– Material composition
– Energy consumption and other resource use
– Environmental assessment related to their use and end-of-life
management.
Energy Using Products (EuP) Directive:
Conformity Assessment
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Every new product covered by the implementation legislation will
require a conformity assessment carried out on it prior to market
launch.
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This assessment will have to be done under a documented system
called “Internal Design Control” and available for inspection.
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For manufacturers not established in the EU, it is the responsibility
of the person putting it on the EU market to ensure the
requirements are met.
Energy Using Products (EuP) Directive:
Conclusions
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The text of the proposal states the Directive should be
implemented by national governments by the 1st July 2006.
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Producers will need to include eco-design in there product
development process in order to minimise their end-of-life
treatment costs. It therefore makes sense to take into account the
EuP Directive when doing this.
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Lack of good data is major current and future concern
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Controlling Conformity Assessment of companies with no
presence in Europe will be a mammoth task for importers.
Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation
of Chemicals (REACH): Background
• Legislation would be introduced to cover all substances used in
quantities above 1 ton per year
• All applicable existing substances to be tested and registered:
30,000 substances
• Production volume greater than 1000 t by the end of 2005
• Production volume greater than 100 t by the end of 2008
• Production volume greater than 1 t by the end of 2012
Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation
of Chemicals (REACH): Implications
• Producers and importers to pay the costs, estimated at about €2.1
billion by the EU.
• Responsibility for use of chemicals will be extended along the
manufacturing chain
• Downstream users could be required to carry out additional testing
where use differs from those originally envisaged by manufacturers
and importers
Integrated Product Policy (IPP): Definitions
Integrated Product Policy (IPP)
• Public policy which aims at or is suitable for continuous improvement
in the environmental performance of products and services within a
life-cycle context.
(Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and
Nuclear Safety, Bonn, June 1999)
Environmental Product Policy (EPP)
• A broad term for environmental product policies; used for national
product policies in national states
Integrated Product Policy (IPP):
Communication 1
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June 2003
DG Environment
Greening the market
Focus: products rather products & services
Approach: 5 elements
- Lifecycle Thinking (LCT)
- Working with the market
- Stakeholder involvement
- Continuous improvement
- Variety of policy instruments
Integrated Product Policy (IPP):
Communication 1
• Focus pilots on specific product areas
- Large volume
- Major environmental impacts
- Areas for improvement
• Extension
- Company obligation (not before 2005)
- Environmental product declarations (2005)
- Green procurement plans (2006)
ISOTR14062: integration of environmental
considerations into product design &
development
seeba website
• Further information on the status of the WEEE, RoHS, EuP, REACH,
IPP and ISOTR14062 can be found on the seeba website at:
www.cfsd.org.uk/seeba
• Includes:
– Links to the full text of the directive.
– Status in the individual EU countries.
– Fact sheets on the directive
– Presentations from some of the leading experts in the field.
– Legislation and environmental information for over 70 countries.
Contact Details
Professor Martin Charter
Director
Martin Charter & Associates
Tel:
00 44 1252 722162
Fax:
00 44 1252 722162
Email: [email protected]
The Centre for Sustainable Design
Tel:
Fax:
Email:
Web:
01252 892772
01252 892747
[email protected]
www.cfsd.org.uk