Transcript BMATT (SA) PSO - University of Pretoria

PEACEKEEPING: THE
EXPEREINCE OF MONUC
Keeping Peace in a Tough
Neighbourhood: The Challenges
Confronting Peacekeepers in Africa
DR Martin R. Rupiya
Senior Researcher,
Institute for Security
Studies (ISS)
Pretoria
AIM
Provide a Survey of the
Experience of MONUC in
the Democratic Republic of
the Congo - 2000 to 2004
Challenges for MONUC
Rough Neighbourhood - No Ceasefire - result latent
And intense fighting in the Kivus and Ituri provinces
No Political Will Amongst main belligerents
Factionalism precondition for influence and survival
Competing External and Regional interests Funding - IMF-WB Multi-Country Funding and
Disbursement conditions.
The Nature of Operations - PKO and Africa
Democratic
Republic of
the Congo
SCOPE
• August 2004 UN Proposals - WHY?
• September 2003 Enforcement Mandate Impact?
• INTERIM EMERGENCY FORCE - EUImpact?
• JULY 2003 TO PRESENT MONUC Chap 7
• ITURI VERIFICATION MISSION
• MONUC CHAPTER 6 2000
FARDC –Military Regions
Force Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo
BG Padiri, Bulenda David
(Mayi-Mayi)
9
BG Mulubi, Bin Muhemedi
(FAC)
3
BG Nkunda
(RCD-G)
KISANGANI
MBANDAKA
8
GOMA
BG Mustapha, Mukiza
(MLC)
7
1
BG Widi, Mbuilu Divioka
(RCD-N)
KINDU
4
2
KIKWIT
BUKAVU
10
5
BG Nabyolwa, Prosper
(FAC)
MBUJI-MAYI
MATADI
KANANGA
BG Kisempia, Sungilanga
Lombe
(FAC)
BG Kasereka, Sindani
(RCD-ML)
6
BG Alengbia, Nzambe
(MLC)
BG – Brig Gen
LUBUMBASHI
BG Amisi, Gabriel
(RCD-G)
SECTOR 2 SECTOR 6
SECTOR 1
KIVU BDE
SECTOR 3
DRC
SECTOR 4
MLC
Bunia
Kisangani
Mbandaka
Beni
Boende
Goma
Kindu
Kinshasa
GOVERNMENT/
FAC
Kananga
AREAS
CONTROLED BY
THE BELLIGERENTS
RCD (G)
Ilebo
Mbuji-Mayi
Kamina
Kalemie
1ST
FAC DIVISION
HQs
- Non-active ???
2nd
- Boende
3rd
- Mbuji Mayi
4th
- Lumbumbashi
5th
- Mbandaka
6th
- Kananga
7th
- Kinshasa
8th
- Matadi
9th
- Kamina
10th
- Bandundu ??
xx
xx
2
5
xx
10
xx
6
xx
xx
3
7
xx
8
4
xx
DRC
9
xx
x
RCD(G) BDE HQs
x
x
7
1ST
- Lubao-Kamana
3rd
- Kongolo
4th
- Kalemie
5th
- Goma
6th
- Bukavu
7th
- Kisangani
8th
- Kindu
9th
- Uvira
10th - Lusambo
11th
x
6
- Ikela
2nd
5
11
x
x
1
12
x
x
9
10
x
x
2
•Lusambo
- Goma
88
•Kabinda
12th - Goma
x
4
• Pweto
x
3
DRC
MLC BDE HQs
x
•Gbadolite
x
A
Imese
E
x
•Basankusu
•Waka
•Wenga
x
C
D
x
B
1
•Lusambo
•Kabinda
• Pweto
DRC
A
- Gemena, Gbadolite,
Lisala
B
- Wenga
C
- Waka
D
- Basankusu
II
RCD (K/ML) BN HQs
Imese
?Bn
- Bunia
?Bn
- Beni
?Bn
-
?Bn
-
•Gbadolite
•Basankusu
•Waka
•Wenga
B
II
II
1
•Lusambo
•Kabinda
• Pweto
DRC
Beni
MAI-MAI AREAS
Lubero
Punia
Walikale
Goma
Bukavu
Kalima
Shabunda
Port de Kindu
Uvira
Baraka
Kasongo
RCD (N) BN HQ
•Gbadolite
II
Imese
?Bn
- Isiro
•Basankusu
•Waka
•Wenga
1
•Lusambo
•Kabinda
• Pweto
DRC
MONUC - New Thinking - Aug 04
a) New Strategy within the Chap 7 7
b) Increase troop levels to 24 000 c) Concentrate on Ituri, Kivu and Katanga
d) Remove Apartheid in the PKO - Enter 37 Attack
Helicopters; Support and Recce Helis; 2 Transport
Planes for Rapid-Reaction Force; Intelligence and
Satellite deployment
e) Budget increase - double current US$700m
• Chapter 6 UN Mission-JMC-5 537
• DDRR Interahamwe
• Ituri Verification MissionSANDF
commitment +/- 1400 all ranks from all
services
• Ceasefire Pretoria and Luanda
•Security of Kinshasa
•Formation of New Army
MONUC in Transition
MILITARY TASKS
DEC 2002
MAY 2003
SEP 2003
• Observe/Monitor/Report
• Guard UN Activities
• Riverine Escort
• Ad Hoc DDRRR
• Security in Bunia
• Neutral Force Security
• DDRRR by Task Force 1
• Observe/Monitor/Report
• Guard UN Sites/Personnel
• Riverine Escort
• Ad Hoc DDR
• Security in Ituri (Bde)
• Neutral Force Security
• DDRRR by Task Force 1
• Observe/Monitor/Report
• Guard UN Sites/Personnel
• Riverine Escort
• Ad Hoc DDR
NATURE OF OPERATIONS
CH VI
CH VII
STATIC
GUARDING
MOBILE
EXTENDING
RESPONSIVE
MONUC TROOP STRENGTH
FLEXIBILE
10,800
Phase III
9,700
Phase II
8,700
6,100
4,300
DEC
INFLUENCING
4,400
JAN
4,400
FEB
4,500
MAR
6,200
4,700
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
Mongolia
2
Morocco
1
Mozambique
2
2
3
829
833
4
2
Nepal
17
3
1 225
Niger
17
1
18
19
Nigeria
25
2
27
5
Pakistan
20
20
Paraguay
20
20
Peru
5
5
Poland
3
3
1 052
Portugal
1 245
1 092
0
6
Romania
26
1
27
1
Russian
Federation
Senegal
26
1
27
12
10
17
460
487
6
6
6
1 431
1 442
Serbia and
Montenegro
South Africa
11
Spain
2
Sri Lanka
2
Sweden
4
Switzerland
Tunisia
1
3
2
2
90
2
26
6
15
United Kingdom
465
497
0
11
1
16
2
5
5
Uruguay
29
20
Zambia
17
5
543
203
Total
4
2
Turkey
Ukraine
96
1 752
1 801
22
10
10 751
115
Conclusions - MONUC Experience
On Balance Experience tested full repetoire of UN
PKO mechanisms from Chap 6, 7 and 8.
DR Congo lacking national political factions to
Galvanize process further.
Costs of Peacekeeping and Intentions suggest new
Mechanisms - Preventative Diplomacy; Integrated
International and Regional approach
Funding to be targeted effectively.