Transcript Cognitive Maturation
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Cognitive Maturation
Chapter 16
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Guideposts for Study
1.
How do adolescents‘ thinking and use of language differ from younger children's?
2. On what basis do adolescents make moral judgments?
3. What influences affect success in secondary school, and why do some students drop out?
4. What factors affect educational and vocational planning and preparation?
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display There are five chief ways adolescents’ thinking differs from that of children: They can think: in the world of “________________” about abstract ideas about the thinking process _________________________________ multidimentional-more than one idea at a time in relative (rather than _____________ ) terms
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Formal Operational Stage
The formal operational stage is characterized by the ability to formulate_________________ a problem. – and systematically test them to arrive at an answer to hypothetical-deductive reasoning They can think_______________ abstract processes.
ma/ca = IQ = 1.00 then Ma = CA.
and understand the form or structure of a mathematical problem. If a + b = x then x = a - b. If Have the ability to____________contrary to fact can use "what would happen if snow were black“, as a topic for thought
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How can parents and teachers help adolescents improve their reasoning ability?
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Aspects Of Cognitive Maturation
Language Development
– With the advent of formal thought, adolescents can _________and ________ – abstract ideas “the meaning of life is… – More conscious of words as symbols that have multiple meanings; they take pleasure in using irony, puns, and metaphors “da” – More skilled in social perspective-taking, the ability to________________________
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Can you… 1. Explain the difference between formal operational and concrete operational thinking, Pg407-408 2. Cite factors influencing adolescents' development of formal reasoning?
3. Identify several characteristics of adolescents‘ language development that reflect cognitive advances?
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Cognitive Maturation
Elkind: Immature aspects of adolescent thought
manifests itself in at least six characteristic ways – Idealism and : They are convinced that they know better than adults how to run the world – Argumentativeness: They often become _______________as they marshal facts and logic to build a case
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Cognitive Maturation
Elkind: Immature aspects of adolescent thought – Indecisiveness: adolescents can keep many alternatives in mind at the same time. Yet they lack _________________________for choosing among them – Apparent hypocrisy: teens do not recognize the difference between _____________an ideal and making the __________necessary to live up to it deadlines are important but I need you to make an exception –
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Cognitive Maturation
Elkind: Immature aspects of adolescent thought – ____________________: adolescents often assume that everyone else is thinking about the same thing they are thinking about: themselves (__________audience ) everyone is looking at my new hair colour – Specialness and invulnerability: adolescents think that they are special, that their experience is unique, and that they are not subject to the rules that govern the rest of the world (_____________)
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What ..me.. Now way!!
Personal fables can cause the teen to feel invulnerable and lead to risky behavior based on the belief that bad things only happen to others. I’m invincible What me in danger…no way.
Nothing bad will happen .. You”ll see
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Moral Reasoning: Kohlberg’s Theory Kohlberg’s Levels And Stages – Socialization theory -attributes moral behavior to early upbringing and internalization of societal standards, – In contrast, the Kohlberg’s _____________________________ approach suggests that people gradually develop their own moral code as they reach higher and higher levels of thinking
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Moral Reasoning: Kohlberg’s Theory Level I: _______________
morality:
People act under external controls obeying rules to avoid punishment or get rewards. More egocentric (ages 4 to 10 ys.) Level II: _______________
morality:
People are concerned about being "good," pleasing others, and maintaining the social order. Seeking peace and harmony (after age 10 ys.)
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Moral Reasoning: Kohlberg’s Theory
Level III: __________________
morality:
People now recognize conflicts between moral standards and make their own judgments on the basis of principles of right, fairness, and justice
– (
social rules and norms are the base for all judgments )
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Moral Reasoning: Kohlberg’s Theory
Evaluating Kohlberg’s Theory
– This theory looks at how children make moral judgments based on their growing understanding of the social world as compared to: Viewing morality solely as attaining control over ____________________impulses,
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Influences On School Achievement
– Students who are high in _____________who believe in their abilities, are more likely to succeed than other students – Parents with economic security, high aspirations for their children and a strong sense of parental efficacy tend to have children with high academic goals and achievement
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Educational And Vocational Issues: Dropping Out Of High School Currently Ontario has a ___________rate for High School Students – Dropouts are more likely to be: unemployed or have low incomes end up on welfare involved with drugs, crime, and delinquency .
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Educational And Vocational Preparation
– _____________________________predicts high ambition better than social class – Schools often shortchange girls by steering them away from science and math and into gender-typed pursuits – Students with creative or practical strengths never get a chance to show what they can do
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Success issues also include…
– Many high school students hold part-time jobs, usually low-level, repetitive jobs in which useful skills are not learned – Teenagers who work _______or more hours a week are more likely to feel stress, smoke, drink, or use marijuana, and begin sexual activity early – They also tended to have less time for homework
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