The Future of Structured Cabling

A look into the next 10-15 years of Cabling Infrastructure Technology 2 BICSI RCDD, 2 NTS, 2 INSTALLER CREDITS Britt Johnson Berk-Tek Western Regional Manager

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Topics

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  The future for Fiber Optic Cabling     Existing fiber options Upcoming IEEE standards The effects of the IEEE standards on fiber infrastructure Conclusions The future for Copper Network Cabling   Noise and copper cable plants Upcoming technology

Fiber Connectivity Today

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Fiber Design Options

 Three Physical Configuration Options  Field Terminated Cables and Connectors  Traditional installation method  Pre-terminated Cable Assemblies   Lowers total installation costs Improved termination performance  Cassette based connectivity  High density terminations  Quick installation time It simply works better.

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Cassette based solution

    MTP/MPO connector factory terminated on a 12 fiber cable Assembly connects to cassettes with choice of connectors Allows for speed of install, re-usability, flexibility Popular in data center environments It simply works better.

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Fiber Options

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  62.5 um Multi-Mode    160 MHz 200 MHz 500 MHz Single Mode Fiber   SMF-28 Low Water Peak  50 um Multi-Mode      500 MHz (OM 2) 700 MHz 2000 MHz (OM 3) 4700 MHz 4900 MHz • Higher bandwidth glass will lengthen the distance an application works • “Excess bandwidth” can apply to reducing link loss budget

Bandwidth and distance

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NetClear 50 um Fiber bandwidth and distance Berk-Tek Description: ISO/IEC Minim um Bandw idth (MHz•km) @ 850 nm 1 GbE Transm ission distance (m eters) @ 850 nm 10GbE Transm ission distance (m eters) @ 850 nm 50/ 125 FDDI (ZB) 50/ 125 GIGAlite * (LB) 50/ 125 GIGAlite10 * (EB) 50/ 125 GIGAlite10-FB * (FB) 50/ 125 GIGAlite10-XB * (XB) OM 2

Exceeds OM 2

OM 3

500 MHz 550M 82 700 MHz 750M 150M 2000 MHz 1000M 300M Exceeds OM 3 Exceeds OM 3 4700 MHz 1040M 550M 4900 MHz 1210M 600M

Standards Organizations

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 Technology advances come from Standards groups    IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Electronics Vendors ISO 11801 European Version of IEEE TIA Cabling Vendors  Vision into IEEE/ISO 11801 will provide roadmap for direction of cabling infrastructure

High Speed Roadmap

Higher Speed Ethernet Market Adopters Campus Backbones Corporate Backbones Corporate Data Centers ISP Aggregation High Performance Computing (HPC) Large Enterprise Data Centers Internet eXchanges running 10 Gb/s ISP Backbones connecting 10 Gb/s Content Providers wanting to push more to users 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 15 16 17 Year 20--

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Project Number:

P802.3ba

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NetClear 5.5 Need for the Project:

The project is necessary to provide a solution for applications that have been demonstrated to need bandwidth beyond the existing capabilities. These include

data center, internet exchanges, high performance computing and video-on-demand delivery

. Network aggregation and end-station bandwidth requirements are increasing at different rates, and is recognized by the definition of two distinct speeds to serve the appropriate applications.



High Speed Study Group (HSSG)

data center oriented solution to focus on providing a

HSSG Development Plan

CFI Study Group Task Force approved TF Review WG Ballot Sponsor Ballot

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NetClear Standard J A S O N D 2006 J F M A M J J A S O N D 2007 J F M A M J J A S O N D 2008 J F M A M J J A S O N D 2009 J F M A M 2010 D1.0

Baseline Proposal D2.0

Last Feature D3.0

Last Technical Change

High Speed Study Group

  IEEE 802.3ba (HSE) objectives from a cabling perspective: Support 40G and 100G:  At least 1m over a backplane  At least 10m on copper cabling (twinax)  At least 100m on OM3 (2000 MHz MM glass)  At least 10km on SMF (metro and enterprise)  At least 40km on SMF (long-haul) It simply works better.

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100M over OM3 fiber

     Discussion Points  Transmission method   Impact on number of fiber strands Connector types Distances at 40G and 100G What happened to OM2 fiber?

Single-Mode VS Multi-mode Preparing for 40G/100G today It simply works better.

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Transmission Method

12 Channel Duplex 100 Gb/s 850 VCSEL Array 12 Channel Duplex 2 Lambda

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•2 x 6 x 10 Gb/s •One 12 fiber ribbon/MPO •12 x 10 Gb/s •Two 12 fiber ribbons/MPO     MM 1G/10G uses Serial transmission scheme  1 fiber dedicated Tx, 1 fiber Rx  40G/100G to use parallel transmission  10 fibers at 10G ea. Tx  10 fibers at 10G ea. Rx 12F MTP/MPO connector 24 fiber MM cable Possible 12F solution using CWDM

Multi fiber connector

 MTP is only viable connector option as this point in time It simply works better.

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Transmission method

   SM option will likely use Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing  4 lasers combined into one fiber  1 fiber Tx, 1 fiber Rx  2 fibers total 40G/100G lasers do not exist and will be too expensive Low water peak SM fiber better suited to CWDM It simply works better.

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Low/Zero water peak fiber

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Lower loss

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1.2

0.9

O Conventional SM Fiber

0.6

0.3

0

1300 C L 1400 1500 Wavelength (nm) 1600

Enables Full-Spectrum CWDM

Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (20 nm spacing ITU-T G.694.2)

Distances

Encircled Power 3D Power map It simply works better.

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 LED’s used in lower speed fiber transmissions (100 Mb/s)  VCSEL’s (low cost laser’s) replace LED’s at 1 GB/s speeds and up  VCSEL’s have a non uniform power dispersion

Distances

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NetClear DMD causes bit errors

. Power concentrated in many modes with high delay, causes

split pulse LED

All Modes Power in high DMD modes relatively low, causes secondary pulse very low amplitude,

overall pulse detectable as one.

Distances

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   Manufacturing process for parallel transmission contains a high scrap rate  Mounting 12 VCSEL’s on wafer difficult Manufacturer’s want to loosen specification  Spectral width  Encircled flux Looser VCSEL specification increase the effects of DMD    Higher DMD results in less distance OM2 distance with new VCSEL’s is too short OM3 becomes minimum bandwidth fiber  OM4 to be included in standards (4500 Mhz or 500M at 10G)

OM4 fiber (OM-3+)

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 Targeting a bandwidth of 4500 MHz    Distance at 10G 500M Targeting a distance of over 200M for 40/100G Berk-Tek sells the current maximum fiber bandwidth at 4900 MHz.   GigaLite 10XB fiber for 600M at 10G Best shot at longer distance 40G/100G

Single-Mode VS Multi-mode

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    Single Mode CWDM Systems Work continues to define technical and economic feasibility of designs being considered  Pro: Low cable cost  Con: High Transceiver cost & development required OM3 Multimode Parallel Systems

10 Gb/s VCSELS and fiber are already available

 Pro: Low cost, readily available parts  Con: High cable cost and sensitivity to length Traditionally, cost of electronics drive cost comparisons between MM and SM Preliminary cost analysis for MM suggests lower cost up to ~200 meters

Specifying for 40G/100G

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 Specify low loss solutions  Berk-Tek/Ortronics performance above the standards    Lower loss for channel or More connection points or Longer distances  Ortronics low loss MTP cassettes  .5 dB premium performance cassettes

Specifying for 40/100G

 Use smaller OD cables  Ribbon cables too big and bulky New 48F MDP Cable (0.231” OD) 24F (0.189” OD) It simply works better.

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48F Stacked Ribbon Cable (0.520” OD)

Comparison: MDP to Ribbon

New 48F MDP Cable (0.231” OD) It simply works better.

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48F Stacked Ribbon Cable (0.520” OD)

DIAMETER (in) Fiber Count 12 24 36 48 72 MDP

0.160

0.189

0.231

0.231

0.274

Ribbon

0.52

0.52

0.52

0.52

0.52

MIN BEND RADIUS (in) WEIGHT (lbs/1000ft) MDP

2.4

2.8

3.5

3.5

4.1

Ribbon

7.8

7.8

7.8

7.8

7.8

MDP

9 14 19 20 28

Ribbon

168 168 168 168 168

Specifying for 40/100G

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 Use highest bandwidth fiber to insure longest length/ lowest loss budget     150M at 10G (700 MHz) is out of standard 300M at 10G (2000 MHz) is 100M at 40G 550M at 10G (4500 MHz) is >100M at 40G 600M at 10G (4900 MHz) gives customer best shot  Only available from OFS glass

Traditional OVD Deposition Process

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NetClear Mandrel (Inert) OVD Soot Deposition

•

All Soot layers deposited prior to sintering

•

Density decreases as boule becomes larger

•

Soot exposed to contamination Gas Mixture

Initial layers have high density

OVD Torch

OVD Drying/Sintering Process

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Drying/Sintering Furnace NetClear Mandrel

Void left

removed

F u r n a c e 1100-1500 o C Initial layers can now have cracks, defects •Soot sintered to form glass •GeO 2 redistribution by Cl 2 and density variations cause index profile deformation •Void collapses causing index variation with possible defects at center Gas Mixture (Cl 2 )

Distances

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NetClear End View

Core Clad •

Each layer sintered prior to deposition of the next layer

•

Inside process is immune to contamination

Results in superior control of Refractive Index Profile (therefore DMD & BW), Attenuation, Geometry

40G Over Copper?

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The Future for Copper

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   No current IEEE work in progress on 40G copper Manufacturer’s and research institutions have begun preliminary modeling   Berk-Tek and University of PA Transceiver manufacturer’s Possible to look at UTP/FTP technology and draw reasonable conclusions about copper roadmap

Copper Cabling Technology

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  Cabling design is all about reducing the impact of noise on the signal  Maximize signal strength  Decrease noise Cables can reduce noise  Twist rate, insulation, separation, precision reduce internal noise  Consistency and precision of manufacturing process and shielding can reduce external noise

Internal noise in cables

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   Internal Noise is unwanted signals jumping from one pair to an adjacent pair  NEXT, FEXT, ELFEXT, PSNEXT, PSELFEXT The higher the application speed the less noise the system can handle Higher speed Ethernet (1G and 10G) must use sophisticated internal noise cancellation techniques  Can internal noise at 40G be reduced enough for UTP cable?

External Noise Sources

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   Electromagnetic interference (EMI)   Narrow spikes of voltage Generated by copy machines, air conditioning units, elevators, etc.

Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)  Conflicting frequencies with Ethernet (60-120 MHz) Alien cross-talk   Unwanted emissions from cable to cable in a bundle Same pair-pair (white –blue) alignments in separate cables coupling unwanted emissions

Cable Balance

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   Precise manufacturing of the pairs will allow a cable to absorb some external noise  Concentricity of conductors and strand   Even application of dielectric material Consistent twist pattern Measured as LCL, ELTCL (cable balance) Efficient at reducing EMI and RFI to acceptable levels

Data Competency Center supporting tests

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EFT, RFI, Temperature, transceiver variability, 10G modeling, maximum distances 10GBase-SR, proximity to power, etc.

EFT Test

   90 M of 5e, 5E, 6 installed in wiremold raceway with 0” separation from power cable Haefley generator introduced EFT pulses increasing to 1000V Etherpeak generated Gigabit Ethernet traffic and measured packet loss It simply works better.

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Cable Performance Under EFT’s

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3.500E-03 3.000E-03 2.500E-03 2.000E-03 1.500E-03

Fram e Error Ratio

1.000E-03 5.000E-04 0.000E+00

EFT Nois e Voltage

CAT6 Sample 1 CAT6 Sample 2 CAT5e Sample 3 CAT5e Sample 1 CAT5e Sample 2 Unbalanced CAT5e

External Noise and UTP

   Alien Crosstalk  Crosstalk (noise) occurring between adjacent cables in a bundle  Occurs at Near End of cable plant (ANEXT)  Occurs at Far End of cable plant (AELFEXT) High speed cabling design tries to reduce Alien Crosstalk   Higher twist rates Separation (larger sizes and lays) Result is a larger OD cable It simply works better.

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External Noise

 Two options for reducing external noise Shielding It simply works better.

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Spacing

Cat 6 Cat 6a

ANEXT and AFEXT VS TIA FTP and UTP

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•FTP shows greater margin over TIA than 6A, especially at higher frequencies.

Shielded (FTP) cable design

 Two approved versions  FUTP or FTP (Class E)   IEEE requirements TIA requirements  6AFTP  Category 7 (Class F)   ISO 11801 European Individually shielded pairs with an overall braid It simply works better.

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Recap key points for UTP

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 UTP cable is all about signal strength VS Noise  Noise is external and internal   The higher the application speed, the less tolerance for noise   Internal noise can be cancelled to acceptable levels External noise a major design hurdle Spacing and shielding have been used to push UTP cable to 100M at 10G

Copper Cabling

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NetClear Copper Cable Types Cable Type: AWG size Shielding Frequency Rating Ability to reduce internal noise Ability to reduce external noise Category 5e Category 6 Category 6FTP

24 23 23 no no yes, overall

Category 6A

23 no

Category 7

22 yes, each pair plus overall 100 MHz 250 MHz 500 MHz 500 MHz 600 MHz fair low good fair good very high high high very high very high

1 GbE Transm ission distance 10GbE Transm ission distance

100M n/a 100M 55M if criteria met 100M 100M 100M 100M 100M 100M

The future for cable

 40G over copper   2000 MHz frequency Extremely low noise tolerances  Technology not available today to make UTP work  Some type of shielded cable likely for 100M operation     Characterized to high frequency Multiple shielding Heavier gauge wire Thicker insulation It simply works better.

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Why did I ever switch from IBM Type 1!

The future for outlets

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4 Pairs on top 250 MHz 8 top contacts 100% RJ45 compatible 4 new contacts For >600MHz 2 Pairs on top 2 Pairs on bottom 600 MHz Switch mechanism Only 8 contacts at a time

Server Trends: Ethernet Ports

10 5 0 30 25 20 15 100M 1G 10G 40G 100G 10-15 year transition for 1G Ethernet

x86 Servers by Ethernet Connection Speed (40G and 100G) It simply works better.

NetClear Source: Intel & Broadcom (April 2007)

Fiber and Copper review

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  Changes in current fiber standards development process will affect fiber cable plant designs for 40G  Parallel transmission technology   24 strands per node MTP/MPO connection styles  Changes in transceiver manufacturing to drive increases in glass bandwidth  OM3 at a minimum at 100M Copper roadmap is a long time out    UTP technologies may be challenged Some type of shielded technologies likely 10G cabling today will last 10-15 years

THANK YOU QUESTIONS?

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Higher speeds = less noise tolerance

____________________________________________________________________________________ 2 s tate (0,1)

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NetClear 0 2 Tr ans m it V oltage s w ith Tr ans ition Le ve ls ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3 s tate (M LT3) (-1,0,1) -2 -1 0 1 2 Tr ans m it V oltage s w ith Tr ans ition Le ve ls ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5 s tate (PAM 5) (-2,-1,0,1,2) Tr ans ition Tr ans ition -2 -1 0 1 Tr ans m it V oltage s w ith Tr ans ition Le ve ls ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2 Source: Agilent Reduced State to State Voltage Increases Sensitivity and Error Generation

Enterprise Cabling Drivers

  Distance   Up to 100M for copper Up to 300M for fiber Price  Electronics costs   Copper lowest cost option MM fiber next lowest cost option  SM fiber highest cost option It simply works better.

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How will it be transmitted?

    MM 1G/10G uses Serial transmission scheme   1 fiber dedicated Tx 1 fiber dedicated Rx Likely that 40G/100G will move to a parallel scheme   10 fibers at 10G ea. Tx 10 fibers at 10G ea. Rx 12F MTP/MPO connector 24 fiber MM cable It simply works better.

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Preparing for 40G/100G

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    Specify OM3 at minimum   OM4 (4500 Mhz minimum) as an option Add SM (low water peak) to cables Data center design around 100M max lengths Be aware of higher fiber count requirements  2 fibers per link becomes 24 fibers MTO/MTP connectors will likely become standard interfaces