Transcript PowerPoint-presentation

Albert Einstein
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Fusion Research and the ITER Experiment
Jim Drake
Alfvén Laboratory
neutron
T
D
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
He
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
60 000 kWh is the average annual per capita energy
consumption in Sweden
 0.7 gram D&T fusion fuel
or
 8 ton coal
or
 27 ton biomass
(one year’s growth from 20 000 m2 area)
ALFVÉN
LABORATORY
- FUSION
PLASMA
Energi
utan miljöproblem
ALFVÉN LABORATORY
- FUSION
PLASMA
PHYSICSPHYSICSFusion research and the ITER
experiument
FUSION
ASSOCIATION
EURATOM
02-09-09
FUSION ASSOCIATION
EURATOM
- VR - VR
Physics Seminar James
James Drake 05
01 27
Outline of talk
1 ITER
what is it
status
2 Can it be smaller? - fusion plasma physics
Alfvén Lab programme
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
ITER
Prototype
fusionreactor
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Tokamak magnetic confinement
• D - T plasma
• Toroidal shape
• External magnetic
coils
• Stable equilibrium
Poloidal
field coils
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Plasma
Toroidal
field coils
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Interior of Joint European Torus (JET) experiment in UK
With man
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
With plasma
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
ITER
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
Objective
The overall programmatic objective of ITER is to
demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of
fusion energy for peaceful purposes.
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
How will ITER accomplish this objective?
By demonstrating high power amplification and extended
burn of D-T plasma, with steady state as an ultimate goal.
By demonstrating technologies essential for a reactor.
By performing integrated testing of the high-heat flux
components.
These steps maintain the strategy to take a single step from
ITER to DEMO
(Can DEMO be smaller?)
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
ITER Parameters
major radius
minor radius
fusion power
power amplification
6.2 m
2.0 m
500 MW
>10
plasma volume
toroidal field on axis
plasma current
burn flat top
840 m3
5.3 T
15.0 MA
>400s
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
How do we know we will achieve these parameters
Physics data base from experiments
empirical scaling laws
First principles codes
bench-marked
D-T experiments in JET
Alpha particle physics
Technology development programme
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
– Data base from many
tokamak experiments
– There are different operation
regimes with different
scaling parameters
– The most robust parameters
are size and field strength
(field strength corresponds
to plasma current)
First-principles scaling
laws now show good
agreement with
empirical scaling laws.
Theoretical confinement Time [sec]
Empirical scaling laws
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Experimental confinement time [sec]
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Inject fuel and heating power
n,T,
T,tt
n,
"Confinement"
Particle and energy losses
occur at the plasma edge
"size"
Confinement involves building up and sustaining the plasma
density and temperature. Gradient often ”self similar.”
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Higher pressure
top value
Confinement can be improved by making the device larger:
Diffusion time scale

Radius2

Diffusion coef.
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Higher pressure
top value
Transport barrier
Confinement can be improved by creating transport barriers
thus making the gradients steeper and the losses smaller
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Feedback
Controller
Sensor
Magnetic
Coils
Confinement can be improved by active feedback on global
instabilities, thus making possible operation at higher
density and temperature.
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
ITER - Status
 Six parties: EU, Japan, USA, Russia, South Korea, China.
 Two sites are proposed: Cadarache in France and Rokkashomura in the north of the main island of Japan.
 Negotiations deadlocked during all of 2004. Three to three!
 France offered to pay 20% unilaterally.
 Host EU 40%, France 20%, Russia 10%, China 10% = 80%
 EU Council of ministers has given the EU negotiators a
mandate to 1) offer the Cadarache site. 2) get as many potential
participants as possible to sign on.
 Then ITER will be built in Cadarache.
ALFVÉN
LABORATORY
- FUSION
PLASMA
Energi
utan miljöproblem
ALFVÉN LABORATORY
- FUSION
PLASMA
PHYSICSPHYSICSFusion research and the ITER
experiument
FUSION
ASSOCIATION
EURATOM
02-09-09
FUSION ASSOCIATION
EURATOM
- VR - VR
Physics Seminar James
James Drake 05
01 27
ITER is designed
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Can DEMO be smaller? - fusion plasma physics
Alfvén Lab programme
The Alfven Laboratory has a fusion experimentEXTRAP T2R
• Major radius 1.24 m
• Plasma current 100 kA
• Designed to study resistive wall instabilities and to be a
test bed for development of methods for active control of
these global instabilities.
ALFVÉN
LABORATORY
- FUSION
PLASMA
Energi
utan miljöproblem
ALFVÉN LABORATORY
- FUSION
PLASMA
PHYSICSPHYSICSFusion research and the ITER
experiument
FUSION
ASSOCIATION
EURATOM
02-09-09
FUSION ASSOCIATION
EURATOM
- VR - VR
Physics Seminar James
James Drake 05
01 27
The EXTRAP-T2R RFP
Major radius 1.24 m
Minor radius 0.183 m
Plasma current 60-120 kA
El. density 0.5-1.5x1019 m-3
Magnetic fluct. 0.2-0.5%
τpulse 15-25 ms
τshell 6.5 ms
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
EXTRAP T2R
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Active mode control methods studied
Intelligent shell
PID controllers
acting to freeze
flux at zero at each
sensor
sensor coils
at 16 toroidal
positions
active saddle coils
at 16 toroidal
positions coinciding
with sensor coils
Real time mode analysis
Sensor
coils at 32
toroidal
positions
Real
time
spatial
FFT
Feedback
law
applied to
individual
modes
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Real
time
inverse
FFT
Output to
active
saddle coils
at 16
toroidal
positions
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Coil systems
poloidal direction
toroidal direction
343.125˚
0˚
16.875˚
39.375˚
61.875˚
84.375˚
outboard
bottom
inboard
top
Br sensor coils
4 (poloidal) x 64 (toroidal) positions
full surface coverage (limited acquisition)
Active coils:
twice the width of the sensor coils
4 (poloidal) x 16 (toroidal) positions
50% surface coverage
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Active mode control methods studied
Intelligent shell
PID controllers
acting to freeze
flux at zero at each
sensor
sensor coils
at 16 toroidal
positions
active saddle coils
at 16 toroidal
positions coinciding
with sensor coils
Real time mode analysis
Sensor
coils at 32
toroidal
positions
Real
time
spatial
FFT
Feedback
law
applied to
individual
modes
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Real
time
inverse
FFT
Output to
active
saddle coils
at 16
toroidal
positions
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Linear model for the (m,n)-harmonic of the RWM
including external error and control field harmonics
bm,n /  t = m,nbm,n - m,n,w(Mm,n Im,n)
where,
• bm,n is the perturbed field measured at the sensor coil.
• m,n is the growth rate of the mode.
• m,n,w=(tm.n,w)-1 describes the diffusion rate of the harmonic at the
thin wall and is determined only by the mode number and
the wall parameters.
• Mm,nIm,n is the saddle-coil-produced control field
(Im,n= current & Mm,n= ratio field to current, [Tesla/Amp])
ALFVÉN
LABORATORY
- FUSION
PLASMA
Energi
utan miljöproblem
ALFVÉN LABORATORY
- FUSION
PLASMA
PHYSICSPHYSICSFusion research and the ITER
experiument
FUSION
ASSOCIATION
EURATOM
02-09-09
FUSION ASSOCIATION
EURATOM
- VR - VR
Physics Seminar James
James Drake 05
01 27
Exponential growth of the (m=0, n= 1)
global resistive wall mode
5
Discharge
terminates
after 20 ms.
Amplitude [a.u.]
4
Perturbation grows
exponentially (i.e. Linear
model applicable)
3
2
Perturbation starts at t=0 at
a very low level
1
0
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
t [ms]
Amplitude of the mode is ≈ 1.0 mT; a. of the external perturbation is ≈ 0.02mT
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Open loop RWM compensation
55
n=6
Amplitude [a.u.]
5
44
4
33
3
22
2
111
000
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
t [ms]
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Summary
-ITER will be built.
-It will be built in Cadarache.
-It will take about 10 years and cost about 5
billion Euro in investment.
-During these 10 years the 2000 fusion
professionals in Europe will 1) advise industry,
2) prepare for operation of ITER using existing
devices and 3) continue to improve basic
understanding (i.e. can DEMO be smaller?).
ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS
FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR
Fusion research and the ITER experiument
Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27