Transcript Document

Chapter 16
Making It:
Supervision in
the Community
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
Overview of the Post release
Function
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Community Supervision
 Revocation
The Structure of Community Supervision
 Agents of Community Supervision
 The Community Supervision Bureaucracy
Residential Programs
The Experience of Post release Life
The Strangeness of Reentry
 Supervision and Surveillance
 The Problem of Unmet Personal Needs
Barriers to Success
The Parolee as “Dangerous”
Post Release Supervision
 How Effective it is?
 What Are it’s Prospects
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
“conditions
of release”
 restrictions
placed on parolees’
conduct that must be obeyed as
a legally binding requirement of
being released
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
“revocation”
 the
cancellation or rescission of parole,
accompanied by the return of the offender
to prison, for either:
 the commission of a new crime; or
 a technical violation (failing to comply
conditions of parole)
 revocations:
with the
 most revocations occur when parolee is arrested
on a serious charge or cannot be located by the
parole officer
 total failure rates: from 25 to 50%
 failure rate highest in 1st year after release
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
stages of revocation proceeding
probable
cause?
determination of
probable cause to
believe that violation has
occurred
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notified of charges
informed of evidence
be heard
present witnesses
confront witnesses
return to
prison?
is violation severe enough to
warrant return to prison? or
should offender remain on
parole, possibly with new
conditions?
OR
should offender remain
on parole, possibly with
new conditions?
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
how parole ends
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
factors affecting
parole outcome
parole officer
parole
Environmen
t
bureaucracy
parolee
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
Personal Characteristics of
Parolees
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
supervision process: 3 stages
 Carl
Klockars: the relationships among the
parole officer, the parole bureaucracy, & the
offender affect parole success.
 relationships develop over 3 stages:
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definition
 officer & parolee define nature of their relationship,
including rules, expectations, and styles of
behavior
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development
 role of bureaucracy lessens as officer & parolee
work through challenges

rapport
 officer & parolee develop rapport, communication,
mutual trust
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
factors affecting
parole outcome
parole officer
parole
environment
bureaucracy
parolee
Note changes in positive(+) & negative(-) attachments between
forces as we move through the 3 stages of the supervision process.
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
Stage 1: definition
parole officer
parole
environment
bureaucracy
-
parolee
Officer has strongest attachment to bureaucracy, weak attachment to
parolee. Parolee maintains little/no attachment to bureaucracy throughout!
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
stage 2: development
parole officer
parole
environment
bureaucracy
-
parolee
Officer attachment to bureaucracy is replaced by stronger
attachment to parolee.
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
stage 3: rapport
parole officer
parole
environment
bureaucracy
-
parolee
Officer attachment to bureaucracy is replaced by strongest
attachment to parolee.
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
cop
• surveillance
• search
• enforcement
• arrest
• suspend parole
• initiate revocation
conflict
dual role of parole officer
social
worker
• find job
• restore family ties
• service referral
• intermediary
• advocate
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
parole officer role orientation
(Daniel Glaser)
emphasis on
control
High
emphasis on
assistance
High
Low
Paternal
officer
Welfare
worker
Punitive
officer
Passive
agent
Low
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
factors limiting parole officers’
approaches to cases
“organizational
constraints”
workload
philosophy &
policy of
organization
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
“community
correctional center”
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a small group-living facility for
offenders, especially those recently
released from prison
programs often use renovated
homes or small hotels
usually provide counseling & drug
treatment
impose strict curfew restrictions
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
two types of “work release”
 work
a
release center
type of community correctional center that
allows offenders to work in the community
during the day while residing in the center
during non-work hours
 originated in Wisconsin, 1913
 work
furlough
 offenders
work and live at home during the
week and return to the prison for the weekend
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
offender’s difficulties with
post-release experience
harsh
realities
strangeness
of re-entry
unfamiliar
world
friends?
relationships?
new decisions
unmet
personal
needs
money
job
education
barriers to
success
close
monitoring
civil
disabilities
job
impediments
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
civil disabilities
 right
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to vote
3/4 states return the right after some period
10 states permanently disenfranchise felons
1.4 million Afr.-Amer. men (13% ) cannot vote
= 1/3 of black men in Alabama, Florida
 right
to hold public office
21 states return the right after discharge from
all forms of custody
 19 permanently restrict the right
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 other
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rights variously restricted
jury service
holding position of public trust (e.g., most
government jobs)
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
employment difficulties
 especially
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problematic, because of
legal restrictions
public distrust of ex-convicts
unrealistic expectations of parolees
some prison-trained jobs are restricted
 e.g., barber, beautician, nurse
 occupations require ‘restricted’ licenses
 jobs exclude people of ‘moral turpitude’
 available jobs are low-paying
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
solutions to civil disabilities?
civil
remedies
expungement of
criminal record
a legal process that is
supposed to result in
removal of official record
of conviction; in fact,
records are kept.
process is cumbersome &
inadequate.
pardon
an act of clemency by
executive branch of
state or federal
government excusing
an offense & absolving
offender from
consequences of crime
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
three purposes of “pardon”
 given
only rarely, to:
 remedy miscarriage of justice
 remove stigma of conviction’
 mitigate a penalty
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
successful supervision
structured approaches
to case management
rather than leaving
supervision style to
officers’ discretion
• standardize intake
interview
• monitor classification
• monitor case planning
• evaluate officers
key
elements
offer tangible
services
rather than mere
surveillance
• job training
• money to find job,
transportation
• monitor progress
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
4 steps to successful re-entry
(Shadd Maruna)
 get
substance abuse under control
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drug treatment, testing
get a job
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get community support system
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get new sense of “who I am”
 money for bills
 offers security
 church, organized athletics
 old “me” is gone; new person has taken over
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th