Transcript Programming In C++
Programming In C++
Spring Semester 2013 Lecture 3
Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
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What is counter?
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What is repeat?
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What is decisions?
Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
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Assignment Operators
Assignment operators abbreviate assignment expressions += • -= • *= • /= • If %= Examples : a=10
a += 1 or a -= 1 or (a = a - 1) a *= 1 or (a = a * 1) a /= 1 or a %= 1 or (a = a + 1) output is 11 output is 9 output is 10 (a = a / 1) output is 10 (a = a % 1) output is 0
Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
Increment / Decrement Operators
Increment operator (++)
Can be used instead of
a+=1 or a=a+1
Decrement operator (--)
Can be used instead of
a-=1 or a=a-1
Example:
If a equals 10, then
printf( "%d", ++c );
Output 11
printf( "%d", c++ );
Output 10 In either case, c now has the value of
10
Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
Decision Making
Equality operators
== !=
Relational operators
< > <= >= Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
Expression Show Flow Decision Process Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
Loops
To execute a set of instructions repeatedly until a particular condition is being satisfied.
Three types of looping statements are there 1) For Loop 2) 3) While Loop Do while Loop
Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
Loops
Requires
1. The name of a counter variable 2. The initial value of the counter variable 3. A condition that tests for the final value of the counter variable (i.e., whether looping should continue) 4. An increment or decrement by which the counter variable is modified each time through the loop run Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
Loops For Loop
For loop in C is the most general looping construct. In for looping statement allows a number of lines represent until the condition is satisfied.
Syntax of for loop expression:
For Loop expression is divided by semicolons into three separate expressions: the “Initialize expression”, the “test expression”, and the “Increment/Decrement expresssion” for(
Initialize counter variable ; Condition ; Increment/Decrement the counter variable
) { } Body of the for loop Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
For Loop DFD
Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana Initialization expression Test Expression /Condition True Body of loop False Increment / Decrement Expression Exit
Example: Print number 1 to 10 this way:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Loops
} { void main() printf (“1\n”); printf (“2\n”); printf (“3\n”); printf (“4\n”); printf (“5\n”); printf (“6\n”); printf (“7\n”); printf (“8\n”); printf (“9\n”); printf (“10\n”);
Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
Loops
Example:
#include
Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
Loops
Example of Multiple Statement:
OutPut Counter = 1 Total = 1 Counter = 2 Total = 2 Counter = 3 Total = 3 #include
Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
Loops While Loop
While loop in C is the other most general looping construct. The while loop statement executes as long as a specified condition is true.
Syntax of while loop expression:
while ( condition ) { Code to execute, while the condition is true. } } while( condition ) { statement(s); Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
While Loop DFD Loops
Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
Loops Example
#include
Loops Example
#include
Loops do while Loop
do… While loop is checks its condition at the bottom of the loop.
A do...while loop is similar to a while loop, except that a do...while loop is execute at least one time
Syntax of do..while loop expression:
do { statement(s); } while( condition ); Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
do while Loop Loops
Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
Loops Example
#include
Loops
Nested Loop
One loop inside another loop .
In nested loop the inner loop is executed first and then outer.
Syntax of for Nested Loop:
for ( init; condition; increment ) { for ( init; condition; increment ) { statement(s); statement(s); } } Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
Loops
Syntax of while Nested Loop:
while(condition) { while(condition) { statement(s); } statement(s); } Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
Loops
Syntax of do..while Nested Loop:
do { statement(s); do { statement(s); } while( condition ); } while( condition ); Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
Loops
Loop Control Statements:
Loop control statements change execution from its normal sequence. When execution leaves a scope, all automatic objects that were created in that scope are destroyed break statement Terminates the loop or switch statement and transfers execution to the statement immediately following the loop or switch.
continue statement Causes the loop to skip the remainder of its body and immediately retest its condition prior to reiterating.
goto statement Transfers control to the labelled statement. Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
Loops
Break Statements:
– When the
break
statement is encountered inside a loop, the loop is immediately terminated and program control resumes at the next statement following the loop.
– If you are using nested loops ( ie. one loop inside another loop), the break statement will stop the execution of the innermost loop and start executing the next line of code after the block false true Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
Loops
Break Statements:
#include
Loops
Continue Statements:
continue forces the next repetition of the loop to take place, skipping any code in between.
false true Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
Loops
Continue Statements:
#include
Loops
Goto Statements:
A
goto
statement provides an unconditional jump from the goto to a labeled function.
statement in the same
Syntex
goto label .. . label: statement; false true Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
Loops
Goto Statements:
{ #include
LOOP
:do { if( a == 15) { /* skip the iteration */ a ++; goto
LOOP
; } printf("value of a: %d\n", a); a++; } while( a < 20 );
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Quiz
How many type of loops we have?
What is the expression of the for loop?
What is the expression of the while loop?
What is the expression of the do.. while loop?
What is nested loop?
What break statement does?
What continue statement does?
What goto statement does?
What you have to do?
Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana
Q1.
Assignment # 1
Differentiate between IDE and Command-Line Development System. Explain the program execution process and environment with the help of diagram?
Q2.
Explain the following terms with appropriate examples: • Getche() • Printf() • Scanf() Programming In C++, Lecture 3 By Umer Rana