Transcript Air Quality Overview

Regional Air Quality
&
Airport Impacts
Association of California Airports
Annual Conference
September 16-18, 2009
Larry Greene
Executive Director/
Air Pollution Control Officer
Our District Mission
“Achieve clean air goals by
leading the region in
protecting public health
and the environment
through innovative and
effective programs,
dedicated staff, community
involvement and public
education.”
Health Effects – We know
• Air
pollution kills people
• Lung Disease/Toxic effects/Heart attacks
•Air pollution hurts the most vulnerable
• Asthma (children)
• Shortens the life of the elderly
•Air pollution effects our economy
• Secondary effects and quality of life
Air Pollutants of Concern
Haze
Toxics
Diesel particles,
Benzene, Chromium,
Asbestos
Greenhouse
Gases – (CO2, Methane)
Particulates
(NOx, SOx, ROG, Ammonia)
Ozone
(ROG + NOx)
Federal/State/Local
- Federal EPA - planes, trains, automobiles, large
industrial sources, national standards. Federal Clean
Air Act
-California Air Resources Board - vehicles, fuels,
consumer products, area sources, air toxic control
measures. California Clean Air Act.
- Local districts – permit industrial sources, inspect,
respond to complaints, agricultural burning, asbestos,
CEQA review, public education. District rules/Board
resolutions resolutions/Policies
District Background
35 Local Air Agencies
Work for local Boards
of Directors
Unique focus on local
air quality and issues
Federal
Ozone
Non-attainment
Area
We’re Geographically-Challenged
Summer Ground-level Ozone (smog)
NOX + VOC+Sunlight = 0zone
+
We’re Geographically-Challenged
Winter Particulate Pollution
Emissions + low wind + cold temperatures
= High Particulate levels
Air Quality Trends - Ozone
Concentrations, 1980 - 2008
0.200
1Hr 3Yr 4th High
0.180
8Hr 3Yr 4th Hi Avg
0.160
Fed 1Hr Standard
(revoked)
Parts per million
0.140
CA 1Hr Standard
0.120
0.100
Fed 8Hr Avg Std
(1997)
0.080
Fed 8Hr Avg Std
(2008)
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Years
*2008 data adjusted for proposed exceptional events due to wildfires.
1 hour*
35%
improvement
8 hour
16%
improvement
Regional Emissions
Current Sacramento Regional NOx –
167 TPD
F ar m
T r ains
Ot her
Stationary
Eq uip
5%
4%
Other Mobile
6%
9%
B o iler s/
C o nst r &M ining +
32%
Heat er s/
C o mm&Ind
A g Pump s
Eq uip .
9%
11%
Area-Wide 2%
B o at s/ Ship s
(Residential Comb &
5%
Ag Burn)
Ot her
6%
A ut o mo b iles
6%
On-Road
Mobile
57%
Lt / M ed
D ut y T r ucks
11%
Heavy D ut y
D iesel T r ucks
3 5%
Current Sacramento Regional VOC
– 136 TPD
Solvent/
Other Coatings
6%
5%
Other Mobile
30%
Off-Road
Equipment
10%
Other
11%
Stationary
16%
Consumer
Products
10%
Rec Boats
13%
Arch Coatings
5%
On-Road
Mobile
33%
Other
9%
Lt./M ed
Duty Trucks
13%
Other
6%
Automobiles
12%
Area-Wide
21%
Emission Source Equivalents
1 TPD of VOC and NOx (Year 2019)
135 Commercial Jet LTOs
200,000 cars*
18,000 HD trucks
72 Locomotives
(NOx only)
310 Gas Stations**
(VOC only)
* Base on average vehicle fleet mix
** No additional controls after 2005
Regional Airports
 Sacramento International
Airport (SMF)
– > 72,000 LTOs
 McClellan Airfield (MCC)
– > 5000 LTOs
 Mather Airport (MHR)
– > 50,000 LTOs
 Sacramento Executive
Airport (SAC)
– > 67,000 LTOS
 Franklin Field (F72)
– > 18,000 LTOs
Airport Operations (LTOs)
Number of LTO Operations
200000
# LTOs
180000
Commercial
160000
AirTaxi
140000
General
120000
Military
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
SacExec
SMF
MHR
SFO
Source: FAA 5010 report (downloaded Aug 27, 2009).
OAK
LAX
Airport Emissions (VOC & NOx)
Aircraft & Ground Support Equipment at Airports
VOC & NOx Emissions, Tons/Year
5000
4500
VOC
4000
NOx
Tons/Year
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
SacExec
SMF
MHR
SFO
OAK
LAX
Source: CARB 2009 Almanac (2008 Emissions) for aircraft & GSE by county and using ratio of LTOs from FAA 5010 report (downloaded Aug 27, 2009)
Airport Emissions (Particulate)
Aircraft & Ground Support Equipment at Airports
PM Emissions, Tons/Year
80
70
PM
Tons/Year
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
SacExec
SMF
MHR
SFO
OAK
LAX
Source: CARB 2009 Almanac (2008 Emissions) for aircraft & GSE by county and using ratio of LTOs from FAA 5010 report (downloaded Aug 27, 2009)
Airport Emissions (CO2)
Aircraft & Ground Support Equipment at Airports
CO2 Emissions, Tons/Year
1600000
1400000
Tons/Year
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
SacExec
SMF
MHR
SFO
OAK
LAX
Source: Estimated using BAAQMD 2007 GHG CO2 estimates for Aircraft in San Mateo & Alameda Counties (Source of Inventory of Bay Area Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Dec 2008)
Airport Emissions (CO)
Aircraft & Ground Support Equipment at Airports
CO Emissions, Tons/Year
9000
8000
Tons/Year
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
SacExec
SMF
MHR
SFO
OAK
LAX
Source: CARB 2009 Almanac (2008 Emissions) for aircraft & GSE by county and using ratio of LTOs from FAA 5010 report (downloaded Aug 27, 2009)
Airport Pb (Lead) Emissions
 Major sources
– Industrial sources
 Smelters
 Boilers
 Waste incinerators
 Glass & cement manufacturing
– General aviation (45 % national lead
emissions)
 Gasoline (Avgas)
Source: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/aviation.htm, Lead Emissions from the Use of Leaded Aviation Gasoline in the United States (PDF) (82 pp, 2.5MB, October 2008, EPA-420-R-08-020)
Aircraft Only at Airports
Lead Emissions, Pounds/Year
1400
1200
Lead
Pounds/Year
1000
800
600
400
200
0
SacExec
SMF
MHR
SFO
OAK
LAX
Pb (Lead) Standard
 EPA strengthens NAAQS – October 15, 2008
– Reduced from 1.5 ug/m3 to 0.15 ug/m3
 Scientific evidence expanded dramatically since
the 1970s
– Over 6000 new studies on lead health effects
– Children highly vulnerable to effects from lead
– Exposure linked to effects on IQ, learning,
memory and behavior
 Revision will yield substantial benefits
– $3.7 – $6.9 billion expected increase in lifetime
earnings as a result of avoiding IQ loss
Pb (Lead) Standard
 Improve existing monitoring network
– Require monitoring in areas with sources that emit >
1tpy
– Urban areas with populations greater more than 500,000
 EPA reconsiders ambient monitoring requirements – July
22, 2009
– Additional monitoring near sources
– Review monitoring requirements for urban areas
– Revised monitoring requirements expected late summer
2009 will discuss general aviation airports
 EPA expects to issue final rule Oct 2009
Toxics
 Airports provide multiple sources of pollution
– Aircraft, ground equipment, facilities, vehicle traffic
 Studies raise concern about air toxics from airports
– Chicago O’Hare (2000)
– TF Green Airport, Warwick, RI (2005-2006)
– Teterboro Airport, New Jersey (2006)
– LAX Study by UCLA/CARB (2005-2006)
 Pollutants of concern
– Organics
 Acetaldehyde, Acrolein, Benzene, Toluene,
Formaldehyde, Naphthalene, 1,3 Butadiene, PAHs
– In-organics & Metals
 Arsenic, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper,
Manganese, Nickel, and Zinc
 More research needed
– Ongoing efforts to identify, evaluate and reduce risk
Major Projects
Sacramento International Master Plan
Mather Field Master Plan
Sacramento International Airport
 Environmental Impact Report
– California Environmental Quality Act
(CEQA)
 Assessment of Air Quality Impacts
– Individual technical analyses
 emissions inventories
 dispersion modeling
 analysis of potential CO “hot spots”
 human health risk assessment
 Applicability analyses
 NOx emission were predicted to exceed
the CEQA significance threshold and
required mitigation
General Conformity
 Clean Air Act - federal departments may not engage,
support, fund, or approve any activity that does not
conform to an approved SIP.
 Applies to non-attainment area pollutants
– Ozone (NOx, VOC), PM10
– PM2.5 (under new standard)
 Examples:
– leasing of federal land,
– private construction on federal land,
– airport construction and expansions,
– reuse of military bases, and
– construction of federal office buildings
 Airport emissions inventory included in SIPs.
Aircraft Operations + Ground Support Equipment
Emissions
VOC
(tons/day)
NOx
(tons/day)
2011 Projected Emissions Inventory
Aircraft Operations
Ground Support Equipment
0.6
0.06
2.2
0.29
2014 Projected Emissions Inventory
Aircraft Operations
Ground Support Equipment
0.6
0.05
2. 4
0.25
2017 Projected Emissions Inventory
Aircraft Operations
Ground Support Equipment
0.6
0.05
2.7
0.22
2018 Projected Emissions Inventory
Aircraft Operations
Ground Support Equipment
0.6
0.05
2.8
0.22
Year of Operations
Master Plan Mitigation
 Construction Emissions
– Standard Construction Mitigation:
 Construction must meet a 20%
NOx and 45% PM10 emissions
reduction compared to the
CARB fleet average.
 Exhaust cannot exceed 40%
opacity for more than 3
minutes 1 hour period.
– Off-site mitigation fee paid for
NOx emissions that exceeded 85
pounds/day threshold:
 Received credit for
implementing Standard
Construction Mitigation.
 ERCs used to offset a portion
of the off-site mitigation fee.
Master Plan Mitigation
 Operational Emissions
- Expand use of low emission
technologies when purchasing
new mobile equipment and
constructing terminal facilities
 Specific Examples in the Mitigation Monitoring and
Reporting Plan:
 Electric charging stations for Ground Service
Equipment (GSE)
 Gate furnished A/C and power for aircraft
 Low emitting buses for on-site travel
 Solar-energy cells for electricity
 Hydrant fueling system to reduce fuel truck trips
Sacramento County Airport Systems
Emission Reduction Credits (ERCs)
 Four past ERC applications:
– Modification to jet fueling delivery
system (2005)
– Modernization of shuttle bus fleet
(2006)
– Modification to air bridges to reduce
the use of APUs on aircraft (2007)
– Electrification of some ground
support equipment (2006)
Jet Fuel Delivery System
 Jet fuel pipeline eliminated the need to truck jet fuel
– 3.96 tons/year of NOx ERCs were generated for years
2006 - 2010
 ERCs were issued for a 10 – year life per SCAS request
 ERCs are adjusted down over the credit life to reflect
new lower state and federal emission standards for
trucks:
– 1.7 tons/year of NOx ERCs were generated for years
2011 - 2015
 ERCs enforced through permit conditions in the Permit
to Operate for the new fueling terminal
– SCAS and company supplying fuel jointly hold
permit
 ERCs have been surrendered for CEQA mitigation
Shuttle Bus Modernization
 Replaced 12 diesel and 12 natural gas shuttle buses
 ERC issued for a 10 – year life per SCAS request
– 0.5 tons/year of NOx and 0.1 tons/year of PM10
emissions credits generated (years 2007 – 2015)
 ERCs adjusted down over the credit life to reflect new
lower state and federal emission standards for trucks:
– 0.4 tons/year of NOx and 0.06 tons/year of PM10
emissions credits were generated (year 2016)
– 0.2 tons/year of NOx and 0.03 tons/year of PM10
emissions credits were generated (year 2017)
 ERCs enforced by conditions in the ERC certificate
 ERCs surrendered for CEQA mitigation
Electrification of Air Bridges
&Ground Support Equipment
 Both ERC applications were withdrawn by SCAS
– Electrification of Air Bridges ERC application did not
meet the enforceability requirements
 Did not agree to require that airlines use the
electrification at all times
– Airlines did not want to take conditions to use
electrified equipment at all times
– Emission reductions from ground support equipment
could not be quantified due to lack of records
Mather Field Master Plan
 Environmental Review and Assessment
– Sacramento County Department of Environmental
Review and Assessment (DERA)
 Received approval from BOS, June 2007
 Entered agreement with Camp Dresser & McKee
Inc. (CDM) for preparation of the Mather Airport
Master Plan Environmental Assessment and
California Environmental Quality Act technical
studies
 Environmental Assessment (EA)
– Will be prepared to meet federal NEPA requirements
 Environmental Impact Report (EIR)
– Will be prepared to meet State CEQA requirements
 Reports expected to be published in the Summer 2010
Contacts
 Air Resources Board
– John Taylor, Air Quality & Transportation
 (916) 445-8699 - [email protected]
– James Lerner, Transportation Analysis
 (916) 322-6007 - [email protected]
 Sacramento Metropolitan AQMD
– Brigette Tollstrup, Program Coordination
 (916) 874-4832 – [email protected]
– Aleta Kennard, Emission Reduction Credits (ERCs)
 (916) 874-4833 – [email protected]
– Charles Anderson, Plan Coordination/CEQA
 (916) 874-4831 – [email protected]
Questions?