Transcript CMC HC2

Interaction Styles
Direct Manipulation
Menu selection, Form Fillin, Dialog boxes
Command Languages, Natural Languages
Course 6, CMC, 07/10/03
Toward an Interaction Style
• High concept definition
– functionality
– goals
– benefits
• Task analysis
– users and tasks
• Choice of interaction style
– easy to learn, to apply, to retain over time
– relevant to users task
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OAI model
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Direct Manipulation:
3 integrated principles
• Continuous representation of objects
and actions of interest with meaningful
visual metaphors
• Physical actions or presses of labeled
buttons instead of complex syntax
• Rapid incremental reversible operations
whose effect on objects of interest is
visible immediately
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Visual Thinking and Icons
• Commercial graphic designers,
semiotically oriented academics, datavisualization gurus
• Preferences vary by user and by task
• Icons or Text?
• How to design icons?
• Sound and Animation added?
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Problems with Direct
Manipulation
• Visual representations too large for
screen, too detailed
• Visual representations without obvious
meaning
• Misleading metaphors
• Shift hardware devices
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Menu Selection
• Effective: recognition
• Early systems (selection via keyboard)
– full screen menus: numbered, textual
• Modern systems (selection by mouse
clicks)
– pull-down and pop-up menus
– radio buttons and check boxes
– embedded links
– menu items: textual, graphic, auditory
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Organization Menu Items
• Meaningful: Superiority categorical
menu organization over alphabetical
organization
• Menu structures: single menus; linear
sequence of menus; strict tree structures;
acyclic networks; cyclic networks
• Key to menu structure: task-related
objects and actions
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Single Menus
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binary menus
multiple-item menus
multiple-selection menus (check boxes)
pull-down and pop-up menus
scrolling and two-dimensional menus
alphasliders
embedded links
iconic menus, toolbars, palettes
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Alphaslider
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Embedded Links (example)
Glosser
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Tree Structures
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Pull-down menu (example)
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Pie menu (example)
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Tree-Structured Menus:
Problems
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overlapping categories
extraneous items
conflicting classifications
unfamiliar jargon
generic terms
too many levels
users loss of orientation
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Suggested Rules
• create task-related groups of logically
similar items
• form groups that cover all possibilities
• make sure that items ar nonoverlapping
• use familiar terminology, but ensure that
items are distinct from one another
• the fewer the levels, the greater the
ease of decision making
• add menu map to help users stay
oriented
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Sequence of Item
Presentation
• There is a task-related ordering
– chronological
– increasing/decreasing (number, length,
volume, temperature, … )
• There is no task-related ordering
– alphabetic
– grouping of related items
– most frequently used first
– most important first
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Response Time & Display Rate
• Long response
times
• Slow display rates
• Use command
language
• Greater memory
demands
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• Short response
times
• Rapid display rates
• Use menu selection
• Cues to elicit
recognition
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Form Fillin
• Many fields of data are necessary
• Some guidelines from practitioners:
– meaningful title
– comprehensible instructions
– logical grouping and sequencing of fields
– familiar field labels
– error prevention, correction, messages
– completion signal
• List- and Combo Boxes, Coded Fields
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Dialog Boxes
• Combine Menu Selection and Form
Fillin
• Additional concerns
– consistency across all system dialog boxes
– relationships with other items on screen
• Guidelines for internal layout and
external relationships
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Dialog Box (example)
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Command Languages
• Strategies for command syntax
– simple command set
– command + argument(s): DELETE FILEA
– command + option(s) + argument(s):
• PRINT/3, HQ FILEA
• A0821DCALGA0300P
– hierarchical command structure
• CREATE FILEA LOCPR1
• DISPLAY DIR1 SCR2
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Command Languages
• meaningful structure
• consistent argument ordering
• keywords vs. Symbols
• change all KO to OK vs. RS: /KO/, /OK/; *
• congruent hierarchical forms of
commands
• move robot forward vs. advance vs. go
• move robot backward vs. retreat vs. Back
• naming and abbreviations
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Natural Language in
Computing
• Natural-language interaction
– restricted to specific tasks
• \erase worksheet; \insert row; \total all columns
– annoying cursor movements from object to
toolbar
• automatic speech for selecting painting tools
• Natural-language Queries
• Text-database Searching
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