Transcript PowerPoint 프레젠테이션 - DePaul University GIS

Australia and Oceania
 Interplay between European and indigenous culture
European dominance  Indigenous dominance
Micronesia
Polynesia
Melanesia
Australia
New Zealand
Introduction
 Isolated
physical setting
• Exotic plants and animals
• Late arrival of human occupations
 Interplay
between indigenous peoples and
European cultures
• Cultural adaptation, assimilation, and conflicts
 Youthful
political geography
• Fluid geopolitical identity
Environmental Geography
Varied Natural and Human Habitat
Landform
Volcanic islands
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
Arid interior (outback),
highly urbanized coast
Rugged mountain
Landform
Australia
 Western
• Ancient shield landmass
Great Artesian Basin
Plateau
Plateau
 Interior
Basin
Highlands
Lowlands
• Flat, and featureless
lowland
 Eastern
Highlands
• Barrier between western
interior and eastern coastal
plain
Landform

Artesian well
Interior basin lacks water supply, but the Great
Artesian Basin possesses a rich supply of
underground water
Landform
New Zealand

Rugged mountain range featured by
volcanic peaks
 Pacific Rim of Fire

Fjord-like western coast in the
South Island
 Glacial forces
Landform
Oceania
Volcanic islands
Micronesia
Polynesia
Melanesia
Bora Bora
Seismic hazards (Pacific Rim)
Landform
Volcanic Islands
Bora Bora, French Polynesia
Landform
Evolution of Volcanic Islands
High islands
3. Islands subside
below sea level
Hot spot
Low islands
1. Active volcanism
2. Volcanism dwindles
& erosion intervenes
Geologic time
Climate
A. Tropical Oceania
B. Arid Outback
C. Temperate Australian and New Zealand
coastal plain
Environmental issues
Natural Hazards
Drought
Seismic hazards
(Pacific Rim of Fire)
Environmental issues
Global Resource Pressures
Logging
Mining
Environmental issues
Mining in Papua New Guinea
Mining, while providing incomes, causes immense
environmental damage to the region
Environmental issues
Nuclear Testing
1946 - 1958
Marshall Islands
1990s
Tuamotu Archipelago
Population and Settlement
A Diverse Cultural Landscape
 Indigenous
settlement
• Aborigines in Australia, Maori in New Zealand
• New Guinea Highlands, Society Islands
 European
migrations
• Sydney, Melbourne…
 Asian
laborers and immigrants
• Indian in Fiji, Japanese in Hawaii
• Recent Asian immigrants in Australia


Australia and New Zealand are highly urbanized and Westernized
Most of pacific islands are rural (eg. Papua New Guinea)
Population distribution
Sydney, Australia
Most Australians (85%) live in cities
Peopling the Pacific
European Colonization
 Australia
• Served as a penal colony (1788)
• Decimation of Aborigines
 New
Zealand
• Wars with Maori chiefdoms (1845 ~ 1870)
 Hawaii
• U.S. annexed Hawaiian kingdom (1898)
Australian agriculture



Too dry for farming  extensive ranching
Hunting, gathering by Aborigines
Commercial farming
in the coastal plains •
Viniculture in Mediterranean climate region
• Sugarcane in subtropical climate region
• Dairy farming in well-watered area
Oceanic agriculture
 Village-centered
shifting cultivation
• Papua New Guinea highlands
 Plantation
agriculture in coastal plains
• Sugarcane fields in Fiji and Hawaii
Current population issues
 Australia
and New Zealand
• Influx of Asian immigrants
 Less-developed
island nations
• Growing population given limited land
Cultural Coherence and Diversity
A Global Crossroads
Process of Cultural Change
 Cultural
differentiation
 geographical isolation
 Cultural
accommodation/assimilation
 European colonialism
 Cultural
homogenization or preservation
 globalization
Multicultural Australia
 Dominance
of colonial European roots
• 70% of population is British or Irish
• White Australia Policy (~1973)
• Remaining links with the British Crown
 But
•
•
•
•
increasingly multicultural due to
Political movement of native inhabitants
Inflows of Asian immigrants with a skill
“Asianization” policy
Two-way globalization
Multicultural New Zealand
 Parallel
the story of Australia with a slightly
different cultural mix
 Unique Polynesian roots
• Maori (15%)
• Pacific islanders (5%)
The Mosaic of Pacific Cultures (1)
 Traditional
culture worlds
• The division of Oceania into Melanesia,
Micronesia, and Polynesia is based on racial and
cultural distinctions by 19c anthropologists
Melanesia Micronesia Polynesia
Skin color: dark
brown
Social system: village
chiefdom
kingdom
 But the actual distinction is rather subtle
• Revolves around village life
 Highlanders
in Papua New Guinea
The Mosaic of Pacific Cultures (2)
 External
cultural influences
• Colonial plantation brought contact laborers
 Japanese/Chinese
in Hawaii, Indian in Fiji
• Creole cultures
 Multicultural
Hawaiians
 French New Caledonia
• Pidgin English & Christianity
• International tourism transforms their livelihoods
 Fiji,
French Polynesia, The Hawaiian Islands, Samoa
Language of Australia and Oceania
Geopolitical Framework
A Land of Fluid Boundaries
 Colonial
legacy
• Ever-changing political map
 Over
the last two centuries
• Persisting colonial ties
 French
Polynesia
 U.S. territory
 Youthful
states
• Oldest political states are the 20th century creation
 Australia,
New Zealand (1907)
Indigenous Patterns
 Prior
to European contact, the political
geography was mosaic of indigenous
territories
• Melanesia based on kinship
• Polynesia based on chiefdom
• Some large volcanic islands of Polynesia formed
kingdom (eg. Hawaii)
An Imposed Colonial Framework
(circa 1900)
U.S.
Germany
Britain
France
An Imposed Colonial Framework
(After WWI)
U.S.
Japan
Britain
Australia
France
New Zealand
An Imposed Colonial Framework
(After WWII)
U.S.
Britain
Australia
France
New Zealand
An Imposed Colonial Framework
(present day)
U.S.
France
New Zealand
Marshall Islands
Spanish
Germany
Japanese
U.S.
Independence
(1526~1885)
(1990s)
(1885~1914) (1914~1944) (1947~1979)
WWI

WWII
Political control of Micronesia has shifted
numerous times during the last two centuries
Geopolitical tensions
Native Rights in Australia and
New Zealand
 General
trends are to acknowledge the land
rights of indigenous people
• Establishment of Aboriginal reserves
• Native Title Bill (1993)
Geopolitical tensions
Ethnic tension in Fiji
 The
populations of indigenous Fijians and
South Asian immigrants are roughly equal
 The
violation of democratic process by the
Fijians (eg. military coup in the late 1980s
and 2000)
Geopolitical tensions
Rebellion in Papua New Guinea
Bougainville’s indigenous
inhabitants demand local control
 Resource-rich
 Suppressed
by military force
Geopolitical tensions
Economic and Social Development
A Hard Path to Paradise
Wealthy Australia, New Zealand, French territories
 Impoverished remainders

Economy of Australia and New
Zealand
 Economic
assets
• Highly educated population
• Diverse base of natural resources
• Modern urban and industrial infrastructure
 Challenges
• Dependence on extraction of raw materials
• Small domestic markets
• Lack of high-tech and IT industries

Efforts to diversify economic bases
Economy of Australia and New
Zealand – economic diversification
Moving away from the traditional extractive
economies (eg. tourism)
 Promoting economic integration within the region

• CER (Closer Economic Relationship) Agreement

Shifting away from Europe and North America in
favor of closer links with Asia
• Recent immigration policy
• ARF (ASEAN Regional Forum)
• APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation Group)
Global trade in Australia and New Zealand
Oceania’s Economic Diversity
 Subsistence-based
economies
• Shifting cultivation, fishing
 Commercial
extractive economy
• Plantation, mining, logging
 Global
tourism
 Subsidies from the present/former colonial
powers

Relatively fared well regardless of varied level of economic
development with the exception of Papua New Guinea