Transcript Geography Skills…

HUMANITIES /
SOCIAL STUDIES
The branches of learning that investigate human constructs (how
they relate to the earth) and their social relations.
-GEOGRAPHY
-HISTORY
-LITERACY
What is Geography?
(put notes in S.I.N.K.)
• The study of the earth and everything on
it, including landforms, bodies of water,
weather, plant and animal life, human life,
and the effects of human activity on earth.
Geography Skills…
5 THEMES
• HUMAN ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
– How have people changed the landscape of places?
• REGION
– What makes each area special?
• LOCATION
– How do people know exactly where every place is?
• PLACE
– What distinctive features make each area different?
• MOVEMENT
– How do people move from place to place?
CARDINAL DIRECTIONS
• The four major directions on a map.
(North, South, East and West).
• Write the definition in your own words.
• Draw a picture and give an example of the
four cardinal directions
CARDINAL DIRECTIONS
N
NORTH
W
E
E
W
WEST
EAST
S
S
SOUTH
INTERMEDIATE DIRECTIONS
• The four directions in between the cardinal
directions. (NW, NE, SE, SW)
• Write the definition in your own words.
• Draw a picture of the four cardinal
directions
RELATIVE LOCATION
• “If you go left along the footpath, cross Main Street,
and continue on the trail, you will see the museum.”
• Definition: A location of a place in
relation to another place.
Relative Location
• Answers to these kinds of
questions explain why cities
grew where they did.
• Chicago, Illinois developed at
the center of water, road, and
railroad transportation in the
Midwest.
Relative Location
• Sometimes you might find it more useful to
use relative location of a place or where it
is located in relation to some other place.
• Relative location includes knowing how
places are connected to one another.
• Ex: Is a place located near a lake, river, or
other source of water and transportation?
ABSOLUTE LOCATION
• “Go South on High Street and turn East onto Back Street.
At the intersection of Back Street and Bridge Avenue, you
will see the museum on the Northeast corner.”
• Definition: An exact point on the
earth's surface expressed by a
coordinate system.
MAP SYMBOLS
• Something that stands for or suggests
something else by reason of relationship,
or resemblance.
COMPASS ROSE
(You should draw this on your vocab. Pg.)
NW
NE
SE
Compass Rose- A graduated circle,
indicating directions north, south, east,
and west,
LEGEND
• An explanatory list of the symbols on a
map or chart
KEY
• A list of words or phrases giving an
explanation of symbols or abbreviations
YOUR TURN!
• 1. MAP PUZZLE ACTIVITY
– In your group, put your map together- be
ready to tell the class what your map shows.
• 2. ZOO PUZZLE ACTIVITY
– Follow the directions on the handout. Again,
be ready to tell the class your results!
Vocabulary 1
MAPS AND THEIR USES
How Are Maps Made &
Used?
Interpreting Maps & Globes
How was one of our first maps
made?
• In a tiny Native American fishing village in
the 1600s, a small group gathered around
Samuel de Champlain.
• They watched closely as the French
explorer pointed to the shore and then
drew a sweeping line on a deerskin spread
out on the ground.
• The line represented the coastline where
they stood.
How was one of our first maps
made?
• Then the Native American chief drew other
lines on the informal map.
• A young man added piles of rocks to
represent the village and nearby
settlements.
• The Natives of Cape Ann in MA and
Champlain may not have understood each
other’s languages but they were still able
to find a way to communicate.
How was one of our first maps
made?
• Today, people use maps similar to the local map
created to help them locate places, judge
distances and follow routes.
Maps: A flat drawing of the Earth’s surface.
Cartographers, or mapmakers, use
mathematical formulas to transfer information
from the round globe to the map.
Globe: A round model of the Earth that shows
its shape, lands and direction as they truly relate
to each other.
Map vs. Globe – Accuracy?
• Which is more accurate? The Map or
the Globe? Why?
Globes vs. Maps…
•Globes and maps
serve different
purposes and each
has advantages and
disadvantages.
VS.
Advantages
Globes • Represent true land
shape, distances &
directions
Maps
•Show small areas in great
detail
•Display different types of
information, such as
population densities or
natural resources
•Transport easily
Disadvantages
•Cannot show
detailed info
•Difficult to
carry
•Distort, or
change the
accuracy of
shapes and
distances
Map Projections…
• No one map will ever be as accurate
as a globe since it presents a model
of Earth as it is – a sphere.
• While certain map projections come
pretty close, all maps involve some
form of distortion either to show the
correct shapes of a places or their
correct sizes.
Distortion Spreads things out to where they
don’t look exactly how they do in real life
Different ways of making World
maps
Why?
• Think of an orange peel…
• Once spread out…an orange peel
can never become a perfect
rectangle.
• The same is true when we try to make the
globe a map; when we transfer Earth’s
curved surface into a flat piece of paper!
Interrupted Equal-Area Projection called Goode’s
Homolosine projection
• Accurate size and shape of continents, but
distorted sizes of oceans…
Eckert IV
What it does
The Eckert IV projection
offers an alternative to a
rectangular outline for
world maps.
The curved sides and
varying distance between
lines of latitude help
reduce the scale and
area distortion at high
latitudes.
Reduces scale and
distortion at high latitudes
Gerhardus Mercator
• 1568 –mathematician & cartographer
• Before this time navigation did not
correctly account for the recently proven
fact that the world was round.
• Mercator’s equations allowed
cartographers to produce charts from
which sailors could easily navigate.
Mercator Projection
• A rectangular map,
the shapes of the
continents are
right, along with
true directions,
but the sizes are
distorted,
especially toward
the two poles.
•Ex:
Greenland
appears much
larger than it is
Robinson Projection
• usually oval, the sizes of the continents
are correct, but the shapes are distorted.
• Continents and oceans are close to their
sizes and shapes, but the North and South
poles appear flattened.
Mollweide Map
•Accurate sizes of continents and oceans,
but distorted shapes of continents
Azimuthal projection
• This type of map projection is usually
round.
• It tries to compensate for both size and
shape.
• The distance from the center of the map to
any other point on the map is accurate.
Political Map
• Shows capital cities, states, countries and other
political information
• May use lines to indicate borders
• May use colors to show different political areas
• The title will not only describe the maps purpose
but it can also tell you what kind of map it may
be
• The map key will sometimes make reference to
cities and capital cities represented on map.
Physical Map
• Shows Earth’s natural features such as
landforms
• An elevation map, a type of physical map, uses
color to show height of land above sea level
• Some use relief or shadowing to show
mountains, hilly areas, and changes in elevation
• The title will suggest the map’s purpose and
main idea
• The map key will usually make reference to the
various geographic landforms represented on
the map.
Distribution Map
• Shows how people, languages,
religion, natural resources, and/or
other information are spread out
through an area
• The title may discuss a particular
historical event but it will also discuss
how people, languages, religion etc.
is distributed throughout the world
Distribution Map Con’t.
• The map key will be color coded and
will show the distribution of
geographic landforms, natural
resources and/or ideas
• Borders are usually illustrated
• Like political and historical maps,
important cities may be found on
distribution maps
Historical Map
• Shows information about the past or
where past events took place
• The title usually represents a certain
event or era in history. It may also
include specific dates
• The map key will often include dates,
countries, or empires involved in a
certain historical event or happening
Historical Map Con’t.
• May also use color to show passage
of time or different nations and
empires/dynasties.
• Just like political maps, borders, cities
of political interest and capital cities
may also be represented on a
historical map. After all, cities and
their developments are important
parts of history.
Hemispheres…
• Hemi means “half” and sphere
means “circle.
• Each hemisphere shows one half
of the earth at a time.
• The earth is divided into the
Northern, Southern, Eastern and
Western Hemispheres.
Northern & Southern Hemispheres
• The Equator divides the Earth into
Northern and Southern
Hemispheres.
Equator
• The Equator circles the middle of the
Earth like a belt. It is located between the
North and South Poles.
Northern & Southern Hemispheres
• Everything north
of the Equator is in
the Northern
Hemisphere.
• Everything south
of the Equator is in
the Southern
Hemisphere.
Name that Hemisphere!!
Name that Hemisphere!!
Eastern & Western Hemispheres
• The Prime
Meridian divides the Earth
into Eastern & Western
Hemispheres.
Prime Meridian
• The Prime Meridian (also called the
Meridian of Greenwich) runs through Greenwich,
England. It runs from the North Pole
to the South Pole.
Eastern & Western Hemispheres
• Hemisphere
• Everything east of
the Prime Meridian
for 180 degrees is
in the Eastern
Hemisphere.
• Everything west of
the Prime Meridian
for 180 degrees is
in the Western
Hemisphere.
Name that Hemisphere!!
Name that Hemisphere!!
Exact/Absolute Location
• To locate places on Earth,
geographers use a system of
imaginary lines that crisscross the
globe.
• These lines are called latitude
and longitude.
GRID
• a network of uniformly spaced horizontal
and perpendicular lines (as for locating
points on a map)
Lines of Latitude
• Lines of latitude are imaginary circles
that run east and west around the
globe – known as parallels.
• These parallels divide the globe into
degrees.
• Lines of latitude measure distance
north and south of the equator.
Lines of Latitude – Equator
30 N
30 S
• The Equator is 0
degrees latitude.
• The letter “N” or “S”
that follows the
degree symbol tells
you if the location is
north or south of the
equator.
• Ex: North Pole is 90
degrees N latitude
and the South Pole is
90 degrees S latitude.
Lines of Longitude
• Lines of Longitude, also
known as meridians, run from
the North Pole to the South
Pole.
• Longitude measures distance
east and west of the Prime
Meridian.
Lines of Longitude
• Prime Meridian
is 0 degrees
longitude.
• The letter “E” or
“W” tells you if the
location is east or
west of the Prime
Meridian.
West
East
Prime
Meridian
Winkel Tripel Projection
Most
Accurate?
Probably...
• Sometimes cartographers create general
purpose world projections (such as this) in which
distortion of both size and shape is
minimized.
• Land areas are not as distorted near the poles
as in the Robinson projection.