Transcript Chapter 16 Transformations in Europe 1500

Chapter 16
Transformations in Europe 1500 - 1750
Culture and Ideas
• Renaissance: An intense artistic and
intellectual period in European history
covering about 1450 – 1650. It was a revival
(REBIRTH) of Greco-Roman culture. It was
caused by the interaction of the Crusades,
Italian merchants interacting with Muslim
traders, the events that culminated Marco
Polo travels to Asia, and the emergence from
the Black Death.
Renaissance continued
• The Italian Renaissance began first and
continued from 1350-1500. The Northern
European Renaissance took place in the early
1400s and lasted until the 1600s. The Italians
focused mostly on religious ideals whereas the
Europeans in the north (less influenced by the
Church) depicted items of more common and
every day items much like the print that began
this powerpoint.
Religious Reforms
• By 1500, the Papacy (All things Roman
Catholic that is involved with the Pope) had
accumulated much wealth. Much of this
wealth was created by common everyday
Catholics paying for indulgences.
Indulgence: Paying for a transgression against
God. The money goes to the Church so as to
erase the sin.
These monies then went to artists and architects to design churches and
create paintings, works of art that both showed the power of God and the
Church. The below is St. Peter’s Basilica. A massive effort, it is one of 40 or
so churches created in the Rome area at this time. This is the common resting
place for the Pope in the heart of the Vatican.
Martin Luther
1483 - 1546
A young Catholic professor, began to
question the Church and the practice
of indulgences. He felt that a close
and meaningful relationship with
Christ was via faith and NOT through
paying your way for salvation or into
the kingdom of Heaven. This is the
beginning of two things. The
Catholic Church is being exposed for
the abuses of its powers. Also, the
idea of “Faith Alone” vs. “Good
Works” began to take hold in the
minds of Europeans.
Martin Luther and his 95
Theses that he nailed to the
door of the Wittenberg
Church in Germany
Understand! Luther did not want to
leave the Church at first and create the
Lutheran Religion. Rather, he merely
wanted to change the church. He
would later be excommunicated by the
Pope.
He was also a huge proponent of
terminating or exiling the Jews, for
crucifying Christ. Now we may see
where Hitler got his ideas some 400
years later.
A section of his 95 Theses
When the 95 These is put
out via the printing press
en mass, clamoring for
change began, the now
Protestant Reformation
was soon underway.
Likewise, the Catholic
Church would have to
change its ways, too. This
will be done from 1545 –
1563 and be called the
Catholic Reformation or is
commonly referred to as
the REFORMATION.
Johann Guttenberg
Printing Press.
Considered by many, including Time
Magazine, to be the most influential man of
all time, Johann Guttenberg is credited with
creating the working printing press brought
over originally from China via the Silk Road.
This is the device used most effectively by
Martin Luther to get his ideas out about the
Church and its abuses as well as creating a
bible that was in the vernacular of the
Germanic peoples. No longer in Latin; a
language no one could understand or read
by this time and one the Catholic Church
performed all services in.
The beginning of the end of indulgences for
the Catholic Church were soon to be
curtailed!
A rival for Martin Luther is
not only the Church!
Calvin published The Institutes of the
Christian Religion in 1535. He had two
major differences from Luther.
1. Human faith could not merit
salvation. God pre-destined those
who were going to Heaven. That is
to say, he was all about
Predestination.
2. He cut much of the pomp and
circumstance of religious service
that Luther was maintaining from his
strong Catholic roots.
He displayed simple and non
threatening clothing and style. Can
you smell … Puritanism? Obviously
the Calvinist religion is named after
him.
Catholic Reformation
• From 1545 – 1563, three different meetings
took place in the city of Trent.
• What took place:
– Pope was the supreme leader of the Catholic Faith
– Priests would be trained more formerly via
bishops and their dioceses.
– Indulgences lessened.
Perhaps no one had more to do with
saving the Catholic Church than on old
Spanish, war injured soldier.
Ignatius of Loyola
During the Catholic Reformation, he
created what would be called the
Jesuits or “Society of Jesus”.
Perhaps no other one missionary
thrust had more to do with
spreading Christianity or European
ideas than the Jesuits.
Highly devoted to God and
Education, the Jesuits are an
extremely good example of the
major emphasis of the Renaissance.
The Jesuits were able to win back
many for the Catholic Church.
The jeanie was out of the bottle, though.
Differing religions will result in a myriad of
different names to this very day. This also
created many tense moments combined
with “wars of religions”.
Two examples of the Jesuit efforts that
still stand with us today.
Campus of the University of
Notre Dame
Campus of Boston College
University
Witch
Hunts
Pic: Waterboarding a witch.
Witches presented a
phenomenon to the
historian about Europe
that is intriguing to say the
least.
1. They had a long
history in magic, forest
spirits, and goulish
ideals passed down
from generation to
generation.
2. Christianity gave them
the Devil to pin most
of their former names
on.
Witch hunts and exposing witches is a great
example of European culture combining with
the SW Asian oriented Christian Religion.
Also…
• Really only certain types of
women were targeted. That
is: Widows, those that
never married or were
single for what ever reason
from any age group.
What does this mean?
• You are a woman without a
man, … and you are being
somewhat successful, (living
alone, growing food, etc.)
you must have received
help from some bizarre
source. Message: Men are
the leaders of the society
and those going out there
on their own will be
persecuted.
More evidence that Europeans are
mixing their past with the present.
• Portugal’s capital city of Lisbon was hit by an
earthquake in 1755. Both the educated and
not so educated felt this was a punishment by
God.
• The fate of Lisbon was further compared with
that of the people of Sodom, the city God
destroyed according to the Hebrew Bible.
Also …
• The Fear of the Devil was being really harped
on by the reformers of both the Protestant
faith and the Catholic faith. This may explain
why everything that was unexplainable, was
blamed on a religious oriented act.
• Again, combining a cultural trait with Nature.
“It must be Supernatural!”…..
The Scientific Revolution
The findings in the Church seem to go
against the church.
• The main idea behind all Scientific ideas that
were springing up at this time were centered
around the idea of this:
– The workings of the universe could be explained
by nature.
• The Church would be thoroughly offended and further
threatened by all the findings of the Scientists during
this era.
• What the Church would not realize was that the
scientists believed, more often times than not, that
God had allowed those things in nature to take place.
Nicholas
Copernicus
1473 - 1543
Said the earth was not the
center of the universe, but
the Sun was the center of
the universe. This puts
earth in a galaxy with other
planets and we are just
one of many. This makes
the Church feel that much
more insecure, too.
What might their response
to people like Copernicus
sound like?
Not good!
Copernicus
• Did not tell his findings
until close to his death.
• He knew the Church
would not agree with
him.
• He was Polish (long
allies of the Catholic
Church).
• It was later proved by
German and Danish
scientists that he was
correct and went on to
say that planets moved
in elliptical, not circular
orbits.
Galileo Galilei
1546 - 1642
He invented a telescope that would agree
with Copernicus’ findings. This would
enrage the Catholic Church and they
would later excommunicate Galilei from
the Church. As an Italian he was closer to
the Pope and those that would be
offended by these findings. The Church, at
this time, really embraced the ideas of old
school Greeks like Aristotle. When
Copernicus and Galilei came in, they
challenged these ideals.
Notice: How many scientists of this time
came from places that had little influence
or were distinctively far from Rome as
compared to those few that were in the
eyes and ears of the nearby Pope.
Isaac Newton
1642 - 1727
English mathematician,
formulated a set of math. Laws
that all physical objects obeyed.
Angels did not allow cannon balls
to fall on enemies of the Church,
rather it was gravity.
Unlike those next to the Pope, he
was able to serve in England as a
member of the Royal Society so as
to expound upon his findings.
In the Italian states, their real
scientists are condemned
whereas in England, theirs are
promoted.
The Early Enlightenment
• Enlightenment: The belief that human reason
could discover the laws that governed social
behavior and that those laws were just as
scientific as the laws that governed physics.
• Just like the Sci. Revolt., these “enlightened”
individuals would face obstacles presented by
the political, intellectual, and religious
establishment.
Matteo Ricci
A Jesuit Mission.
To China
Made the observation that the Chinese
were less war-like than the his fellow
brothers back in Europe. He concluded that
this was because the Chinese had engaged
longer in effective and “enlightened”
government.
He called the leaders of China:
“Philosophers” Remember that China is at
this time completely wrapped up in
Confucian ideals.
François-Marie
Arouet (21 November
1694 – 30 May 1778),
Better known by his pen name, Voltaire, he
was a leading thinker and influenced others
in this new style of thinking. That is to say,
he questioned everything.
Many others that come to mind that had
major influence that would lead to
Revolutionary ideas along with both the
American and French Revolutions:
John Locke
Montesquieu
Thomas Hobbes
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Sum up the Enlightenment Period
• This is not a coherent movement, rather it was a
way of life or frame of mind.
• Absolute monarchs and many clergy did not like
this way of thinking as it seemed to make both of
those groups more responsible to the betterment
of human life in general.
• The Enlightenment thinkers did not have much of
an influence to those in “their” time, but the
generations to come would benefit the most.
Social and
Economic Life
Bourgeoisie
• Pronounced: Boo Zhwa Zee, is a French word
to describe the middle class.
• Other words,
– Burghesses
– Burgers
– Bulgars
What is important about a middle
class
• They are the ones that create a global economy.
• They are the ones that are doing the shipping,
sailing, and trading all over the world and trading
within a city.
• They are the ones responsible for the growth of
cities.
• They are the ones you can tax and make money
off of if you are a king.
• The middle class are then the ones that will
demand rights, services, and sympathy from their
government.
In other words
• It is the Bourgeoisie that will demand that the
Absolute Rulers go away and Parliamentary style
government should prevail.
• Notice: The members of the Enlightenment and
the Sci. Revolut. were members of the Middle
Class.
• They had T-I-M-E to come up with this stuff,
whereas those in the forests or busting their
backs for a living were not looking for new laws,
rather they were looking for a soft place to rest.
The Netherlands took over the European lands at first as creators
of middle class, bourgeois. They were able to do this via their
very productive textile industries. They were the leaders of
weaving, finishing, and printing of cloth….leaving the spinning to
low –paid workers elsewhere.
The Dutch
(Netherlands)
Factories in Holland, were able to
1. Take West Indian sugar and
make rum
2. Take grain from the Baltic area
and make beer with it
3. Cut Virginia tobacco and roll it
and sell it.
4. They even got real good at
making imitation of Chinese
porcelain.
Amsterdam,
Holland
Holland is in the western portion of
the Netherlands.
By 1700, Amsterdam had over
200,000 people living there.
The Dutch carried over 80% of all
trade all over Europe…and this was
being done while at war with Spain
for its independence from Spain and
the Holy Roman Empire.
By all accounts, the Dutch
conducted more than half of the
oceangoing commercial shipping in
the world during the 17th century.
The Dutch Fishwife,
1572
As the picture shows, the wife
and the family were very
important for the beginning of
success in the Dutch world.
Just like the Islamic world,
Europe’s merchants relied
heavily on family members to
be able to bolster their small
businesses to global ones later
on.
This also explains the growing
Jewish populations throughout
pockets of Europe at this time.
The Dutch JointStock Co.
This is a mutual venture
where the gov’t and
private citizens join forces
to be able to create
money.
The money made is shared
with the gov’t and in
return the gov’t gives the
company protection as it
travels over dangerous
waters.
Examples: British
East/West Indies Co.
The Dutch Indies Co.
The Gentry
These are the people that
made some real money
from their businesses.
They would retire from
that business and usually
get into the loaning game.
These loans were to the
peasants that we are about
to talk about. As you
might guess, the Gentry
Class was not that big,
began to own more and
more land, and would lead
to resentment on many
scales.
Peasants and
Laborers
Now that the Black Death
was over so was the
Manorial System and
Feudalism as a whole.
However, since the
Columbian Exchange
brought back better foods
and the population began to
rise, now wages began to go
down again.
The Peasants were only
going to be saved by two the
Col. Ex. Foods: Maize in the
southern area of Europe and
Potatoes in the northern
regions.
Peasants
Sadly, the very product that many
of the peasants could do for a
wage was to harvest wheat yet
they couldn’t afford the costly
finished product.
Growing wheat took vast lands
which they couldn’t afford. They
didn’t have slave labor as the
Enlightenment period would have
frowned upon such a “peculiar”
situation right under their noses.
Peasants
Also, the peasants were worse hit due
to continuous wars and
environmental problems. The ebb
and flow of the current economic
system was also an agitator for the
peasant family hard pressed to collect
the pennies they earned.
Truly, they were now worse off than
they were under the Feudal System in
many cases.
Little Ice Age
Norse people were entirely
lost in Greenland.
Finland lost half of its
population at this time.
Many peasant would
virtually starve due to
ruined and rotted crops
from heavy rains or simply
freeze to death.
The Chart on the right
demonstrates how the
temperature dropped
throughout Europe.
Deforestation
What the Romans didn’t
chop down and burn for
their numerous spas and
hot baths, the Europeans
would cut so as to fuel the
iron industry.
This industry was heavily
dependent on peasant
labor.
As resources depleted,
many nations turned to
their colonies to provide
this precious commodity.
Effects of Deforestation on
the Poor and Peasant
Class
They depended on the dense woods for
berries, wild game, and firewood. Now they
were being spent, the peasants would
clamor more and more into crowded cities
thus pushing those resources to the brink as
well.
Finally, the price of wood rose to such
heights that planting became more and more
popular. Oddly, the craving to maintain
forests were for the protection of naval
vessels, whose keels required high-quality
woods.
Women and the Family
Family Irony
• The poorer you were, the more likely you
were to marry later in life, so as to build up a
dowry. And, there really wasn’t any type of
political or economical alliance between the
marrying poor.
• The folks of Europe were likely to marry later
in life in general when compared to others
throughout the world. Some waiting until
their late 20s.
Family and Women (cont.)
• Compared to other women, Euro. Women could
read. Small amount, but the wealthier the family,
the more likely you could read.
• Prostitution was fairly obvious in bigger cities and
usually employed starving and family-less girls
from the country.
• Unwanted children (1 out of 10 births) found
their ways on the doorsteps of many churches.
• Birthrates in general were low due to the late age
in marriage.
Women
Could inherit lands
Could become functioning
Queens
Could receive educations
from their homes
Did help their husbands with
their businesses in
accounting and
bookkeeping.
Usually brought a dowry.
Could travel in town at her
leisure at her own risk!!
Europe led the world in
female literacy at this time
Political Innovations
How come there was not a country of
Europe at this time?
• Its not like folks weren’t trying.
• The Holy Roman Empire wanted a united Europe.
• China (big land mass) and India (big land mass)
were both united under one name, so why didn’t
the Europeans pool their resources and come
together?
• Languages and religion. Diversity in both of those
really led the charge to remaining diverse in
general.
Holy Roman Empire under Charles V
Charles V of the Habsburg
Family
Charles V of Spain, Grandson of Ferdinand and
Isabella, wanted to unite a Front against the
ever-closer Muslim oriented Ottoman Empire.
He went to war with many European regions
to try and convince them to join his forces.
He hoped to lead a centralized (single led)
coalition against the Ottoman Turks. He and
his allies eventually stopped the Turks in
Vienna in 1529, but the dreams of a single,
Catholic led Europe was just too impossible.
He had enough by 1555 and signed the Peace
of Augsburg which allowed leaders to choose
what religion they wanted their area to follow.
This is what Charles V had been able to accomplish by 1555
when he abdicated the throne, moved to a monastery and
gave up on his dreams of a united Europe…which he would
have no doubt called Spain.
Remember! Spain had made just oodles of silver via the
Conquistador’s efforts in getting silver out of the Potosi Silver Mine in
Potosi, Peru. Now, you know where the money went!
Religious Policies
The word of the day for many:
INTOLERATION
Spain
• Prince Phillip II, the uncle of
King Charles V created the
Spanish Inquisition.
• The Inquisition was there to
stomp out any “religious”
resistance the court seemed
to feel was important.
• Obviously, it was much safer
to go along than to argue
France
• In an effort to join in an
alliance with the church, King
Louis XIV revoked the Edict of
Nantes.
• The Edict of Nantes basically
said we are all going to get
along in France (Protestants
and Catholics)
• King Louis knew that there
were more Catholics than any
other group, so he endorsed
them, thus providing him with
favorable approval.
King Henry VIII of England create the Church of England so as
to be able to divorce his wife who failed to produce a son that
would live. The Catholic Church wouldn’t allow it so he broke
from them to get his way. Now that is dealing with religion!
King Henry VIII
His Wife he wanted to divorce,
Catherine of Aragon
Monarchies in England and France
Oliver Cromwell
King Louis XIV
King Charles I of England
Basically he would not allow the English
Parliament have any real rights. He
plunged the kingdom into the English
Civil War in 1642 by trying to quiet down
his enemies.
He was defeated and later executed. He
would be replaced by the “people’s”
choice: Oliver Cromwell.
Oliver Cromwell and his successor, King
James II (our modern bible was named
after him) were both as bad as King
Charles I.
House of Commons and
the House of Lords
By 1700, Parliament would
not relent the fact that if
you were a king in their
country, you would share
the power with “The
People”.
In 1688, King James II would
go away in exile causing the
bloodless, Glorious
Revolution.
By 1689, Parliament had
created their Bill of Rights.
They get called to court
often and the king gets to
run the Church of England.
Versailles (a country estate)
Versailles
Versailles was built by King Louis XIV
by using the money he taxed on his
subjects, which was collected in a
very efficient system. He also would
sell appointments to his court via
high paying gentry oriented folks.
Versailles stands as a model in
victory over the Estate’s General:
nobility, clergy, and towns. He was
saying: “I don’t need you!”
Could house 10,000 people at one
time. Just in case he needed to get
away from it all along with his closest
friends. Picture: Hall of Mirrors
John Locke
1632 – 1704
Perhaps no man had more influence on
the framers of the US Constitution than
this English philosopher.
He wrote the Second Treatise of Civil
Government. He felt that rulers were
people to be held accountable and if
they didn’t perform their duties, they
should be overthrown. It was the duty
of the people to do just that!
This is just the opposite of Louis XIV
who felt he was in power b/c God said
he could…that he was heavenly
ordained and ruled on earth in God’s
name.
Warfare and Diplomacy
30 Years War was the Worse!!
30 Years War and the
Downfall of the Armada of
Spain
30 Years War began from religious problems
between Protestants and Catholics mainly
taking place in present day Germany. War
took place from 1618 – 1648.
Soon most European nations were involved
with one another in some form or another.
This was a devastating war due to the heavy
artillery. The loss of life and the desolation
to the environment will probably never be
known.
However,…
With the dramatic improvements in skill and of European armed
forces …and in their weaponry, they were arguably the best
military and most powerful in the world.
Soldiers in Europe
Overall, military forces grew at this
time.
French went from 150,000 troops
in 1630 to 400,000 some 70 years
later.
Sweden, only had about 1 million
people in its population, had one of
the most feared militaries of the
day.
Prussia, (parts of modern Germany)
only had about 2 million people
total and was absolutely to be
avoided in war and hostile contact.
How do you pay for a large Army?
• Answer:
– The Gov’t needs to align with the big businesses
and tax them. Here we see the blending of the
economic and political forces that will forever be
in some form of “hand-in-hand”.
– Courts would enforce contracts and collect debts,
and military personnel stood ready to defend and
protect overseas expansion…by force if necessary.
Spain, the end!
• For example, the Dutch were once under the
control of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire.
– However, King Phillip II and later Charles V had to
enact ruinous tax amounts to keep hostile
extensions of their empire (The Dutch) and Holy
Wars going. This drained their finances to the
point of absolute poverty.
– By 1609, Spain was forced to sign a truce and walk
away from the World’s Largest Shipping
entrepreneurs… The Netherlands (the Dutch).