Transcript Slide 1

Energy as light… makes matter & antimatter...
Matter
Anti-Matter
which includes protons, neutrons, & electrons
By Ken Costello
Protons, Neutrons, & Electrons
are building blocks for the elements
2) Gamma rays (photons) collide to
make protons & antiprotons, electrons
& positrons, neutrons & antineutrons,
quarks & antiquarks. Most revert to
Neutron
light, but some matter remains. “Up &
Proton
1) Energy in the form of light is Down” quarks also create protons &
first building block. More
neutrons. Lone neutrons decay to
Electron
specifically, the light is high
protons & electrons.
Helium atom
energy gamma rays.
Elements are building
3) Protons, neutrons, and electrons are
blocks for compounds.
versatile building blocks which make the
atoms for the elements. The positive
4) Electrical attraction &
protons in the nucleus attract orbiting
repulsion are primary forces that
negative electrons. Elements are formed
cause elements to combine.
in stars and exploding stars (supernovas).
Protons & electrons attract each
The number of protons in the nucleus
other even when in different
determines the element. Over a 100
atoms. This attraction causes
elements are built, from gases like helium
atoms to combine to form a
(shown above) to metals like gold. All
Hydrogen
&
compound.
oxygen make water
made from these 3 tiny particles.
Supernova
#
First 8
protons&
elements
electrons
Hydrogen
1
Helium
2
Lithium
3
Beryllium
4
Boron
5
Carbon
6
Nitrogen
7
Oxygen
8
5) Compounds are not man-made, elements assemble themselves.
It’s important to point out that
elements can combine to form an almost infinite number of compounds. They do not need humans to combine. We think
products like furniture, medicines, soap, beer, glass, and candy are man-made. People shape these products, but it is the
elements that assemble themselves into wood, soap, glass, and sugar. People can steer elements towards certain
compounds, but in nature elements do this on their own when conditions are right.
For convenience, we divide compounds into two types: Organic (carbon-based) and inorganic.
6) Inorganic compounds are compounds that usually do not come from an organism.
They usually make up non-living things like minerals. The building blocks for minerals and salts
are one or two metals combined with one or two non-metals (2 non-metals can form a building Na Cl
block called a polyatomic ion [explained below]). Inorganic compounds often form crystals. For
Cl Na
example, table salt is the metal, sodium (Na), combined with the non-metal gas, chlorine (Cl).
They build cubic-shaped salt crystals. Pyrite (Fool’s Gold) is made from the metal, iron (Fe),
plus two atoms of the non-metal, sulfur. They build the shiny golden crystal of Fool’s Gold.
S Fe S
S Fe S
S Fe S
The two most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust are silicon (Si) and oxygen. So when
you see a mountain, about half of it is oxygen and about 30% is silicon. So silicon combined with
oxygen forms the common building block, silicon oxide. You recognize it as quartz or glass.
O Si O O Si O
The other common elements in order of abundance are the metals aluminum, iron, calcium,
O Si O
sodium, and potassium. So one or two of these are often combined with oxygen to form
O Si O O Si O
minerals, rocks, soil, and even gems.
All gems except diamonds have oxygen in them. Sapphires and rubies are built from
aluminum and oxygen. Emeralds have aluminum, silicon, oxygen, & beryllium. Topaz is
mostly aluminum, silicon, & oxygen. Again, oxygen, silicon, and aluminum
are common building blocks.
7) Polyatomic Ions are two or more non-metal atoms that behave as one atom and have a charge (hence “ion”). As
a group they are usually negatively charged ions because they capture one or more electrons from a metal, leaving the
metal positively charged. You learned earlier that opposite charges attract. So the negatively charged polyatomic ions
are attracted to positively charge metals. They combine to form various salts (usually water soluble) and minerals
(usually insoluble). Since oxygen is the most abundant element on Earth, it’s not surprising to find oxygen as one of
O -2
the elements in most of the polyatomic ions. Let’s look at some of these.
-2
OS O
S
O O
O
At the right you see that sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and chlorine (Cl) have 3 and 4 oxygen atoms
O
surrounding them. The negative number tells you how many electrons the group has captured in order
O -3
to stay a stable group of atoms. By themselves they are not building blocks because two groups with a
-3
P
negative charge will repel each other and not come together. However, after they attract a positive
OP O O O
metal ion, they then build compounds.
O
O
For example, chlorine with three or four oxygens combines with a positive sodium or potassium
O -1
-1
ion to make compounds that are used as a source of oxygen in fireworks and explosives.
Cl
O O O Cl O
O
O
8) Organic compounds contain carbon and often are assembled by living things but not
necessarily. Hydrocarbons can assemble on their own or be made by living things.
C
N
O
H
S
9) Hydrocarbons & polymers: Methylene (CH2=1 carbon & 2 hydrogens) is the building block for many
hydrocarbons. One combines with two hydrogens to make methane (natural gas) CH4. Three make propane
H C H
(CH3CH2CH3). 4 make butane (cigarette lighter fluid). Six to ten make gasoline. A few more make diesel. 20 or
Methylene
so make motor oil. For structural compounds, the best building block is ethylene (C2H2=2 carbons & 2
hydrogens). Hundreds to thousands of these chain to make the polymer (plastic), polyethylene. You know it
H C C H
as cling wrap. With other atoms attached to ethylene, numerous polymers you’ve heard of are created.
Ethylene
10) Living things use small compounds as building blocks for larger compounds and large
compounds as building blocks for very large compounds (macromolecules). For example,
plants use the small compounds carbon dioxide and water to make sugars. The sugar molecules are then
used to make starch or cellulose with thousands of carbon atoms. Very large organic compounds are used
to build structures like cell walls, muscle fibers, fur, etc. Other very large organic compounds are built
for chemical energy storage (e.g. starch) or for directing chemical reactions (e.g. enzymes and DNA).
11) Carbohydrates: Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)
This is glucose. It bends
combine under photosynthesis to form sugars with 5 to 12
itself into 2 types of ring
O C O
carbons. The 6-carbon sugar, glucose, becomes a building
positions. These rings
Carbon
dioxide
H
H
block for starch, dextran, glycogen, and cellulose. Cellulose
connect in different
& water make
is created by plants to form the woody structure of the plant
O
ways to form chains of
sugars
(cell walls, stems, truck, etc.) The others are for storing
either starch, cellulose,
chemical energy in plants, animals, or bacteria.
O
glycogen, or dextran.
H
12) Amino acids are building blocks for proteins: Amino acids chain together to make
H N C C
OH
proteins. The simplest amino acid is glycine (shown). Other amino acids have more atoms
H
H
attached to the left carbon
Acid part
Amino part
13) Lipids (oils and fats): Fatty acids have an acid part just like amino acids, but the
fatty part is a hydrocarbon. These are building blocks for oils and fat. Organisms use H H H H H O
lipids for chemical energy storage and for building structures like membranes.
H C C C C C C
OH
H
H
H
H
14) RNA and DNA: The building block for RNA and DNA are four nucleosides.
H
Acid part
Nucleosides have a 5 carbon sugar ring (ribose), and one or two rings that contain
Hydrocarbon=Fatty part
N
nitrogen. Slight differences in the nitrogen rings create the 4 nucleosides,
O N
guanine, cytosine, thymine, and adenine. Shown are two nucleosides
held together by hydrogen bonding. Shown is just one rung on the DNA
H-N
O
OH
||
N
|
ladder. Each sequence of three of nucleosides translates to an
N-H
N
O
N
O
||
|
|
amino acid that gets assembled into a protein. Proteins build
O
O-P-O-C
N
O
O
C-O-P-O
N
N-H
|
|
the rest of the organism.
O
O
Guanine
Phosphate |
Summary: Light  Electrons, Neutrons, Protons 
OH
Elements  Compounds  Macromolecules Organisms Ribose sugar
Cytosine
N
N
O