Transcript Slide 1

HC 399 Presentation
Hidekel A. Moreno Luna
HYDROGEN ENERGY PRODUCTION
USING NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES
Hydrogen Consumption
Purposes
 Transportation
 Automobiles
 Buses
 Bicycles
 Motorcycles and Scooters
 Rocket
 Airplanes
Energy Storage
Fuel Cell
Hydrogen Energy Production
Today
 Production

Hydrogen fuel can be obtain through many thermo chemical methods
utilizing:






Natural gas
Coal
Liquefied petroleum
Biomass
Water
Geothermal
Fig. 1. World hydrogen supply. Source:
International Association for
Hydrogen Energy (IAHE)
Today 85% of hydrogen produced is from removing sulfur from gasoline.
 Investment
 Storage:
 Usually store as liquid
hydrogen in compressed
hydrogen storage tanks.
Fig. 2: Energy Investment. Source:
IAHE
Nuclear Energy
 Background
 Nuclear energy in 2005 accounted for 2.1% of the world’s
energy and 15% of the electricity.
 In 2007 the International Atomic Energy Agency reported
that there were 439 nuclear plants in the world in 31
countries.
 Map , next slide.
 Electricity Production from nuclear processes
 It originates from splitting uranium atoms(fission). The
released energy is use to make steam which is used to run a
turbine that produces electricity. In the US 19% of the
electricity comes from nuclear processes (US
Environmental Protection Agency EPA)
 Fig. 3. Nuclear Power Stations . Source: Wikipedia.org
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuclear_power_s
tation.svg
 Machinery that can be used to produce
electricity and hydrogen
 Examples
 Modular Helium Reactor(MHR)
 Advance High Temperature Reactor(AHTR)
 Secure Transportable Autonomous Reactor(SFR)
Fig.4.Technology options for nuclear hydrogen
production. Source: IAHE
 Efficiency figures
 F:\HC 399\Efficiency of hydrogen production
systems using alternative nuclear energy
technologies.htm
 Successful countries
 France
Fig.5. Electricity Production
Source: International
Electricity Generation
Conversion between both
productions (Nuclear and
hydrogen)
 Nuclear energy can be used in hydrogen
production in three main ways:
 By using the electricity from the nuclear plant for
conventional liquid water electrolysis.
 By using high-temp. heat and electricity from the
nuclear plant for high temp. steam electrolysis or
the hybrid process.
 Using the heat for thermo chemical processes.
 Machinery options
 MHR: operating temperature 800 C
 AHTR: operating temp. 1000C (not built yet)
 AGR: operating temp. 750C
 14 units in the world, originally built in UK. CO2 coolant!
 STAR-H2: operating temp. 500C
 Based on Russian Submarine reactor, not been built
commercially yet.
 SFR: operating temp. 500c
 Sodium cooled for efficient management. Solid
demonstration in Russia, France, and the US.
Fig.7.Advanced Gas Reactor.
Source: Österreichisches
Ökologie-Institut
Fig.6. The gas turbine-modular
helium reactor. Source: General
Atomics
Fig.8.SFR. Source: Idaho National
Laboratory
Table 1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages for different approaches of energy. Source: IJHE
Approach
Electrochemical
Thermochemical
High temperatures steam
Water electrolysis electrolysis
Steam-methane reforming Thermochemical water splitting
>800 for S-I and WSP >700 for UT-3 >600 for Cu–
<100, at Patm
>500, at Patm
>700
Cl
90–95 (at View the
>60, depending on
85–90
MathML source)
temperature
>40, depending on TC cycle and temperature
4-5 Feature
Required
temperature, (°C)
Efficiency of the
process (%)
Energy efficiency
coupled to LWR, or not, vert,
ALWR%
similar27
Energy efficiency
coupled to MHR,
ALWR, ATHR, or SAGR (%)
>35
not, vert, similar30
Not feasible
Not feasible
Advantage
>45, depending on power >60, depending on
cycle and temperature temperature
>40, depending on TC cycle and temperature
View the MathML source
efficiency View the
MathML sourcebe
coupled to reactors
operating at intermediate View the MathML source
temperatures View the technology View the
View the MathML MathML sourceCO2
MathML sourceCO2
source technology emission
emission
View the MathML source CO2 emission
Disadvantage
View the MathML source
View the MathML View the MathML source emissionsView the
source energy
development of durable, MathML source on
efficiency
large-scale HTSE units
methane prices
View the MathML source chemistry View the
MathML sourcevery high temperature reactors
View the MathML sourcedevelopment at large
scale
 Hydrogen Energy Production in the Future requires
change in the technology.
 Such change figures cannot be calculated yet because we
are still in early phases of development.
 Demand: because nuclear plants are characterized
by high capital cost and low operation cost, we can
expect that by using the techniques develop for
natural gas transportation(pipes); we could increase
the storage capacity. According to the International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy (IJHE), H2 storage in
large volumes is expected to be relatively low cost.
Future for Hydrogen Energy?
Questions?
Table 1.2 Data for different types of fuel cell. Source: Fuel Cell Systems Explained
Second Edition
Fuel cell type
Mobile ion
Alkaline (AFC)
OH−
Operating
temperature
50–200◦C
(PEMFC)
H+
30–100◦C
CHP systems
Direct methanol
(DMFC)
H+
20–90◦C
Phosphoric acid
(PAFC)
Molten carbonate
(MCFC)
H+
∼220◦C
Solid oxide
(SOFC)
O2−
2− ∼650◦C
CO3
500–1000◦C
Applications and notes
e.g. Apollo, Shuttle.
Proton exchange
membrane
Vehicles and mobile
applications, and for
lower power
Suitable for portable
electronic systems of low
power, running for long
times
Large numbers of 200-kW
CHP systems in use.
Suitable for medium- to
large-scale CHP
systems, up to MW
capacity
Suitable for all sizes of
CHP systems, 2kW to
multi-MW.
Fig. 9,10. Refueling infrastructure for hydrogen vehicles.
Source: Journal of Power Sources
Fig.11. Capital cost of hydrogen
infrastructure. Fuel. Source:
Journal of Power Sources
Fig.12. Capital cost for developing new hydrogen
production Source: Journal For Power Sources
Works Cited

Bilge, Yildiz, and Mugid Kazimi. "Efficiency of hydrogen production systems using alternative nuclear energy
technologies ." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 31.1 (2006): 77-92. Web. 1 Oct 2009. <F:\HC
399\Efficiency of hydrogen production systems using alternative nuclear energy technologies.htm>.

Forsberg, Charles. "Hydrogen, nuclear energy,and the advanced high temperature reactor." International Journal
of Hydrogen Energy 28.10 (2003): 1073-1081. Web. 1 Oct 2009. <F:\HC 399\Hydrogen, nuclear energy, and
the advanced high-temperature reactor.htm>. 3

Ogden, Joan, Margaret Steinbugler, and Thomas Kreutz. "A comparison of hydrogen, methanol and gasoline as
fuels for fuel cell vehicles: implications for vehicle design and infrastructure development ." 79.2 (1999):
143-168. Web. 1 Oct 2009. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TH13WH67HF2&_user=576687&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1999&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=5269
&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1046819818&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C00002
9364&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=576687&md5=92d3453a814ec1758d3724b5ccfb227c#toc18>.

Wikipedia, . "Hydrogen vehicle." Web. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle>.