Transcript PowerPoint 演示文稿 - Georgia Institute of Technology

Health Impacts of Fine Particles in
Ambient Air of Beijing
Tong Zhu, Jie Ding, Ming Hu, Yun Wang
School of Environmental Sciences, Peking University
Zongchan Zhou, Xinbiao Guo, Xiaochuan Pan
School of Public Health, Peking University
Supported by Biomed-X center, Peking University
1999
The Merge of Peking University
Beijing Medical University
Peking University
Priority: Environment and Health
2000
Biomed-X Center
Project: Health Impact of Fine Particles in
Beijing Ambient Air
College(Center) for Environmental Sciences
Environmental Chemistry (Aerosol)
Environmental Management
Environmental Economics
School for Public Health
Toxicology
Epidemiology
Cancer Research Institute
Genetic Study
Carcinogenic Study
Source
Concentration
Exposure
Dose
Effects
Health Risk Assessment
Health Risk Management
Objective:
Using toxicological and epidemiological methods:
to study the toxic and carcinogenic effects
of fine particles in Beijing ambient air
to establish dose-response relationship
Based on the sources, physical characters,
chemical compositions, and exposure level:
to asses the health risk of fine particles
in Beijing ambient air
to provide scientific data for the pollution
control policy.
Questions addressed:
Sources, physical characteristics, chemical components
Toxic and carcinogenic effects
Health effects vs physical characteristics
chemical components
Exposure level
Synergic effects: with O3, SO2, CO, NOx, VOC
Low concentration and long term exposure
Dose-response relationship
Health risk assessment
Health risk and economic cost
Control policy
Questions:
1. Mass or number concentrations？
2. Physical or chemical, or both？
3. Carcinogenic
4. Synergetic effects
5. Ultrafine particles
Epidemiological Study
Mortality
acute effects
chronic effects
Morbidity
Hospital admission and emergency department
visits for respiratory diseases
Hospital admission for cardiovascular diseases
Lung function and respiratory symptoms
Long-term PM exposure and respiratory symptoms
Studies on individual cardiovascular outcomes
Toxicological Study
Cytotoxicity- and genotoxicity
Inflammation
Cell damage mechanism: oxidation
Biomarker
Lung cancer
1．Analyzing chemical compounds in fine particles
of Beijing ambient air
2001.3 PM2.5
2002.3 PM2.5 (during dust storm)
2002.7, 2002.10, 2003.1 PM2.5
Shape
Elements
Ion
PAHs
Mass concentration of PM2.5, 2002-2003, Beijing
200
a
Si
Mg
150
Intensity
Shape and element
composition of fine
particles
Al
100
K
50
Fe
0
0
5
10
15
20
Energy (KeV)
160
b
140
120
S
Intensity
100
80
Ca
60
40
20
0
-20
0
5
10
15
20
Energy (KeV)
c
Ca
200
Intensity
150
100
50
0
0
5
10
15
20
Energy (KeV)
Fe
120
d
100
80
Intensity
Using SEM-EDS (energy
dispersive X-ray analysis
system)的HITACHI S-2700
60
40
20
0
0
5
10
Energy (KeV)
15
20
Fraction of particles containing certain elements
during dust storm season, 2002, Beijing
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of particles PM2.5 March 20, 2002
36000
Intensity (CPS)
34000
2p1/2
Atomic%: 3.4
33000
32000
13.5
31000
11000 1s (2): 407.48
Atomic% (2): 0.5
1s (2)
10500
10000
30000
29000
690
700
710
720
730
9500
385
740
390
14000
Ca
2p3/2:347.38eV
14000
2p1/2
2p3/2
12000
Intensity (CPS)
Intensity (CPS)
2p1/2:350.98eV
13000
Atomic%: 2.0
12000
3.5
11000
2000
350
Binding Energy (eV)
410
355
360
2p
S
2p:168.9eV
Atomic%: 2.0
6000
9000
345
405
8000
4000
340
400
10000
10000
335
395
Binding Energy (eV)
Binding Energy (eV)
15000
1s(1)
N
1s (1): 400.58eV
Atomic% (1): 1.1
11500
2p3/2
Intensity (CPS)
35000
Fe
2p3/2: 711.98eV
2p1/2: 725.48eV
155
160
165
170
175
180
Binding Energy (eV)
Element concentrations of particle surface
O1s Si2p Al2p Fe2p3/2 Ca2p3/2 Na1s K2p3/2 N1s (1) N1s (2) S2p
BE (eV) 531.7 102.8 74.5 712.0 347.4 1071. 8 293.4 400.6 407.5 168.9
Atomic% 69.4 14.6 5.6
3.4
2.0
1.0
0.4
1.1
0.5
2.0
Ion concentrations of PM2.5, March 2002
ΣPAHs in PM2.5、PM10, 2002-2003 Beijing
PM10
PM2.5
Spring
32.5
30.6
Summer
12.9
6.7
Autumn
52.7
45.6
Winter
219.9
192.2
BaP in PM2.5、PM10, 2002-2003 Beijing
PM10
PM2.5
80
70
60
BaP(ng/m3)
50
40
30
20
10
2003年
1月12日
1月14日
1月16日
1月18日
1月20日
10月17日
10月21日
10月23日
10月25日
8月10日
8月12日
8月14日
8月16日
8月18日
8月21日
8月23日
4月10日
4月16日
3月15日
3月17日
3月19日
3月21日
3月23日
3月25日
3月27日
3月29日
0
日期
PM10
PM2.5
Spring
2.3
1.6
Summer Autumn
0.8
7.7
0.7
6.8
Winter
24.6
24.6
National Standard of
BaP: 10ng/m3
2. Preliminary study on cytotoxicity and
genotoxicity of fine particles in Beijing
2001.3、2001.12
Organic and Inorganic extracts of PM10 and PM2.5
Cytotoxicity of Balb/c 3T3 (MTT)
Genotoxicity of Balb/c 3T3
micronucleus formation
DNA strand breaks
Intra-cell communication
2002.3 PM10 and PM2.5 during dust storm season
Inflammation response of alveolar macrophages
Cytotoxicity of PM10 EOC on
Balb/c 3T3 Cell
Cytotoxicity of PM2.5 EOC on
Balb/c 3T3 Cell
Impact of PM EOC on Balb/c 3T3 micronucleus formation
cytochalasin B-blocked method
正常双核细胞
65
1 micronucleus
2 micronucleus
Effect of PM2.5's EOC on micronuclei of Balb/c 3T3 cell
3 micronucleus
Effect of PM2.5's EOC on micronuclei of Balb/c 3T3 cell
90
80
PM2.5
55
50
Frequency of Micronucleated cells(¡ë)
Frequency of Micronucleated cells(¡ë)
60
45
y=22.85714+7.45714X
r=0.99372
40
35
30
25
20
0
1
2
3
3
dose(m /ml)
4
5
PM10
70
60
y=2048+11.94X
r=0.9799
50
40
30
20
0
1
2
3
3
dose(m /ml)
4
5
Impacts of PM25 PM10 EOC on
DNA strand breaks of Balb/c 3T
single cell electrophoresis assay
increased the frequency of comet cells and
distances of migration of nuclear DNA
Alveolar
Macrophages
Alveolar
Macrophages
after treated with
dust particles
Cytotoxicity of PM10 dust particle to alveolar
macrophages （MTT）
PM10（μg/ml)
OD
Vitality of cell（%）
0
0.26±0.033
100
50
0.252±0.034
97
100
0.239±0.033
92
150
0.229±0.033
88
200
0.2115±0.029
81
300
0.161
68
300μg/ml组细胞存活率明显降低（<80%），说明颗粒物在
此浓度以上对肺泡巨噬细胞有明显的细胞毒性。
Impairment of phagocyte of alveolar macrophages
by PM10 of dust storm
吞噬胶珠细胞的百
分比（%）
平均每个细胞吞噬
的胶珠数
Comparison
84±7
1.839±0.355
100μg/ml
30±7
0.444±0.085
与对照组相比，100μg/ml PM10颗粒组吞噬胶珠细胞的百分比
以及平均每个细胞吞噬的胶珠数均减少，说明PM10颗粒对肺泡
巨噬细胞的吞噬功能产生了抑制作用。
IL-8 浓 度 （p g / m）
l
图3
沙 尘 暴 P M 2 .5 、 P M 1 0 对 巨 噬 细 胞 分 泌 IL-8 的 影 响
##
300
250
# # **
200
##
##
*
##
##
##
##
##
P M 2 .5
150
P M10
100
50
0
0
20
50
100
150
LP S
颗 粒 物 浓 度 （ u g /ml）
TNF -a（p g / m）
l
图4
沙 尘 暴 P M 2.5 、 P M 10 对 巨 噬 细 胞 分 泌 TN F-a 的 影 响
250
**
**
200
**
**
150
P M 2 .5
P M10
100
50
0
0
20
50
100
颗 粒 物 浓 度 （ ug/m l）
150
LP S
Summary
1. Chemical composition:
1） Extremely high PM2.5 mass concentration during dust
storm (~7 mg m-3)
2） Strongly seasonal variation of chemical composition
•
Winter: high concentrations of BaP
•
Spring: crustal elements (Si, Al) during spring dust storm,
relatively low PAH
2. Toxicity:
1)
2)
3)
Toxicity of PM10 and PM2.5 in Beijing mainly contributed by
organic compounds
Extracts of organic compounds of PM10 and PM2.5 in Beijing
have cytotoxicy and genotoxicity on Balb/c 3T3 Cell
PM10 and PM2.5 during spring dust storm in Beijing induced
a dose-related impairment of phagocytic activity of alveolar
macrophages, and dose-dependent increases in secretions of
NO, IL-8 and TNF-a from alveolar macrophages.
3. Future plan:
1）Toxicity of fine particles of different seasons (heating, dust
storm, photochemical smog）
2）Toxicity -chemicals
3）Epidemiology-exposure (biomarker)
4）Cancinogenic study on lung cancer.