Transcript Slide 1

Chapter 23
Mutual Fund Operations
Financial Markets and Institutions, 7e, Jeff Madura
Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
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Chapter Outline
Background on mutual funds
 Stock mutual fund categories
 Bond fund categories
 Growth and size of mutual funds
 Performance of mutual funds
 Mutual fund scandals

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Chapter Outline (cont’d)
Money market funds
 Hedge funds
 Real estate investment trusts
 Interaction with other financial institutions
 Use of financial markets
 Globalization through mutual funds

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Background on Mutual Funds

Mutual funds:
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
Serve as a financial intermediary by pooling investments by
individual investors and using the funds to accommodate
financing needs by governments and corporations in the primary
market
Frequently invest in securities in the secondary market
Provide an important service for individuals who wish to invest
funds and diversify
Offer liquidity if they are willing to repurchase an investor’s
shares upon request
Offer various different services, such as transfers between funds
and check-writing privileges
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Background on Mutual Funds
(cont’d)

A mutual fund hires portfolio managers to invest in a
portfolio of securities that satisfies the desires of
investors


The board of directors:

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

The portfolio composition is adjusted in response to changing
economic conditions
Monitors management
Establishes procedures
Ensures that the fund is properly serving its shareholders
Under new SEC rules, a majority of board members
must be outsiders
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Background on Mutual Funds
(cont’d)

Types of funds
 Open-end





funds:
Are open to investment from investors at any time
Allow investors to purchase or redeem shares at any time
Have a constantly changing number of shares
Maintain some cash in case redemptions exceed
investments
Consist of many different categories to satisfy investors’
investment needs
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Background on Mutual Funds
(cont’d)

Types of funds (cont’d)
 Closed-end





funds:
Do not repurchase shares they sell
Require investors to sell the shares on a stock exchange
Have a constant number of outstanding shares
Have an asset size that is about 1/40th of the asset size of
open-end funds
Focus primarily on bonds and other debt securities
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Background on Mutual Funds
(cont’d)

Types of funds (cont’d)
 Exchange-traded funds:
 Are designed to mimic particular stock indexes and are
traded on a stock exchange
 Differ from open-end funds in that their shares are traded on
an exchange, and their share price changes throughout the
day
 Consist of a fixed number of shares
 Are not actively managed
 Have become very popular in recent years
 Typically do not have capital gains and losses that must be
distributed to shareholders
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Background on Mutual Funds
(cont’d)

Types of funds (cont’d)
 Hedge funds:
 Sell shares to wealthy individuals and financial institutions
and use the proceeds to invest in securities
 Differ from open-end funds because:




They require a much larger initial investment
They may not always accept additional investments or
accommodate redemption
They are unregulated and provide very limited information to
prospective investors
They invest in a wide variety of investments to achieve high
returns
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Background on Mutual Funds
(cont’d)

Comparison to depository institutions
 Mutual
funds repackage the proceeds from
individuals to make various types of investments
 Investing in mutual funds represents partial
ownership

Investors share the gains or losses generated by the fund
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Background on Mutual Funds
(cont’d)

Information contained in a prospectus
 The
minimum amount of investment required
 The investment objective
 The return on the fund over the past year, the past
three years, and the past five years
 The exposure of the fund to various types of risk
 The services offered by the fund
 The fees incurred by the find that are passed on to
investors
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Background on Mutual Funds
(cont’d)

Estimating the net asset value
 The
net asset value (NAV) of a mutual fund indicates
the value per share

Estimated each day by determining the market value of all
securities comprising the fund, adding interest or dividends,
and subtracting expenses, then dividing by the number of
shares outstanding
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Computing the NAV
Philly Mutual Fund has 50 million shares issued to its
investors. It used the proceeds to buy stock in 100
different firms. These shares have a market value of
$100 million. In addition, Philly incurred $7,000 in
expenses today and collected interest and dividends
totaling $5,000. What is the net asset value per share?
Net asset value  Market valueof fund/number of shares
 ($100,000,000  $5,000- $7,000)/50,000,000
 $99,998,000/50,000,000
 $2.00
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Background on Mutual Funds
(cont’d)

Distributions to shareholders
 Mutual
funds generate returns to shareholders in
three ways:
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They pass on earned income as dividend payments
They distribute capital gains resulting from the sale of
securities within the fund
Mutual fund share price appreciation
Mutual fund classifications
 Stock
mutual funds, bond mutual funds, or money
market mutual funds (see next slide)
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Background on Mutual Funds
(cont’d)
Distribution of Investment in Mutual Funds
17%
6%
50%
Stock Funds
Money Market Funds
Hybrid Funds
Bond Funds
27%
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Background on Mutual Funds
(cont’d)

Expenses incurred by shareholders
 Mutual
funds pass their expenses on to their
shareholders
 Expenses can be compared among mutual funds by
comparing the expense ratio


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Equal to annual expenses per share divided by the NAV
The higher the expense ratio, the lower the return for a given
level of performance
Mutual funds with lower expense ratios tend to outperform
others with similar objectives
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Background on Mutual Funds
(cont’d)

Expenses incurred by shareholders (cont’d)
 Expenses
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include:
Compensation to the portfolio managers and other
employees
Record-keeping and clerical fees
Marketing fees
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Background on Mutual Funds
(cont’d)

Sales load
 Load
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
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funds have a sales charge
Promoted by brokerage firms who earn a sales charge
between 3 and 8.5 percent
Investors pay the sales charge through the difference
between the bid and ask prices of the load fund
Front-end load versus back-end load
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Background on Mutual Funds
(cont’d)

Sales load (cont’d)
 No-load
funds are promoted strictly by the mutual
fund of concern


Preferred by investors who feel capable of making their own
investment decisions
Recently, some small no-load funds have become load
funds because they could not attract sufficient investors
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Background on Mutual Funds
(cont’d)

Corporate control by mutual funds
 Large
mutual funds can exert control over the
management of firms because they are commonly a
firm’s largest shareholders

e.g., Fidelity is the largest shareholder of more than 700
firms
 Portfolio
managers of many funds serve on the board
of directors of various firms
 Many firms discuss any major policy changes with
analysts and portfolio managers of funds to convince
them that the change will have a favorable effect
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Stock Mutual Fund Categories

Growth funds are composed of stocks of maturing
companies that are expected to grow at a high rate


Capital appreciation funds are composed of stocks
that have high growth potential but may be unproven


The primary objective is to increase investment value
Suited to investors who are willing to risk a possible loss in
value
Growth and income funds provide potential for capital
appreciation with some stability in income
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Stock Mutual Fund Categories
(cont’d)

International and global funds
 International
funds invest in foreign securities
 Returns on international funds are affected by the
foreign companies’ stock prices and the movements
of the currencies that denominate the stocks
 Global funds include some U.S. stocks
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Stock Mutual Fund Categories
(cont’d)

Specialty funds focus on a group of companies
sharing a particular characteristic
 e.g.,

Index funds are designed to match the
performance of an existing stock index
 e.g.,

energy or banking
Vanguard 500
Multifund funds invest in a portfolio of different
mutual funds to achieve more diversification
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Bond Fund Categories

Income funds are composed of bonds that offer
periodic coupon payments and vary in exposure to risk
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Corporate bonds are subject to credit risk, Treasury bonds are
not
Bonds backed by government agencies are less risky than
corporate bonds
Tax-free funds contain municipal bonds

Allows investors in high tax-brackets to avoid taxes while
maintaining a low degree of credit risk
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Bond Fund Categories (cont’d)
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High-yield (junk) bond funds consist of at least twothirds of bonds rated below Baa by Moody’s or BBB by
S&P
International and global bond funds
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International funds contain bonds issued by corporations or
governments based in other countries
Global bond funds contain U.S. as well as foreign bonds
Foreign bonds are subject to credit risk, interest rate risk, and
exchange rate risk
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Performance of Mutual Funds

Performance of stock mutual funds
 The
change in performance of an open-end mutual
fund can be modeled as:
PERF  f (MKT, SECTOR, MANAB)
 Change in market conditions
 A mutual fund’s performance is closely related to market
conditions
 The mutual fund’s beta can be used to measure the
sensitivity of the fund’s exposure to market conditions
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Performance of Mutual Funds
(cont’d)

Performance of bond mutual funds
 The
change in performance of an open-end mutual
fund can be modeled as:
PERF  f (Rf , RP,CLASS, MANAB)
 Change in the risk-free rate
 Bond prices are inversely related to changes in the risk-free
interest rate
 Bond funds focused on longer maturities are more exposed
to interest rate changes
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Performance of Mutual Funds
(cont’d)

Performance of bond mutual funds (cont’d)
 Change


Bond prices decline in response to an increase in the risk
premium
Poor economic conditions tend to increase the risk premium
 Change


in the risk premium
in management abilities
The performance of specific bond classifications varies due
to differences in managers’ abilities
An efficient fund has low expenses and high returns
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Performance of Mutual Funds
(cont’d)

Performance of closed-end bond funds
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Driven by the same factors as open-end bond funds
Closed-end bond funds are also affected by a change in their
premium or discount
Performance from diversifying among mutual funds

The performance of any given mutual fund may be primarily
driven by a single economic factor


e.g., growth funds are highly dependent on the stock market’s
performance
Diversification across different mutual funds reduces
susceptibility to any particular type of risk
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Money Market Funds

Money market funds:
 Are
portfolios of money market instruments
constructed and managed by investment companies
 Allow investors to participate for as little as $1,000
 Usually allow check-writing privileges
 Send periodic account statements to their
shareholders
 Send shareholders periodic updates on any changes
in the asset portfolio composition
 Sell some of their assets when redemptions exceed
sales
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Money Market Funds (cont’d)

Risk of money market funds
 Credit
risk is low, with the exception of commercial
paper defaults
 Money market securities are not too sensitive to
movements in market interest rates
 Expected returns on MMFs are low because of:


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Low credit risk
Low interest rate risk
Consistently positive returns
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Hedge Funds

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Sell shares to wealthy individuals and financial
institutions and use the proceeds to invest in securities
Have historically been unregulated but are not allowed
to advertise
Are usually organized as limited partnerships
May allow investors to withdraw their investments but
require advance notice of 30 days or more
Often invest in derivative securities, sell short, or use
borrowed funds along with equity investments
Strive for high returns but also have a very high degree
of risk
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