Transcript Document
WORLD CIVILIZATION HISTORY 106 – A COMPARATIVE INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF HUMAN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES UNTIL THE 17TH CENTURY Universals? Necessities: (reproduction based): food, water, shelter, reproduction/ child raising?, waste, reflection, creativity, spiritual expression. Subsistence: scavenging – hunting-fishing/ gathering – slash & burn (swidden) – horticulture - pastoralism – agriculture Social Organization: family – clan – band/ tribe – nation (semi-nomadic, or nomadic) – village – town – city – city/ state – state – nation/ state. Civilization Organized human responses to change, seeking equilibrium or being civilized. Well bred and complaisant. Highly developed social organization. Change may be gradual or catastrophic – A daptations to change A gents of change Culture Beliefs Observations (receptivity) Environment Social Geographic Theo-philosophic Political Economic Technologic Ideological Technologic > war/ invasion Economic History: History is the interpretation of the incomplete written record or oral tradition of the experiences of humans through the contexts of time. While history demands many types of critique – such as political, economic, technological, or social critique – all are dependant on documents and their interpretation. History, like language, is very plastic. Society: A society is an artificial construction of a collection of linked formal and informal institutions that govern group behavior. Culture: Culture is the set of conscious and unconscious beliefs and assumptions about the way in which world works that governs individual behavior. Diffusion: The movement or spread of one or more elements of a society or culture from one place to another. Community: Communities are formed from the interactions of culture and society. When individuals are united into groups by complimentary internal (cultural) and external (social) influences, the groups of people can be identified as communities. Race: Biologically, there is only one race – human. A ll other categories of race are artificial social constructs of classification based on visual differences, cultural expressions, political necessity, and economic priority. What is commonly called race is really racism. The history of the concept of race parallels the development of the human identity. Racism (also called ethnocentrism) When a labeled group is disadvantaged socially based on the artificial classifications of race by another group in possession of the unearned power and privilege to do so* . Ethnicity: Ethnicity refers to heritage or culture expressed over time. The cultural history of a group of people produces differences in populations that give rise to ethnicity. Class: Class is the stratified level of economic opportunity within a culture or society. Class differences – differences in opportunity and access – may be based on racism, ethnicity, gender, education, age, disability or a host of other recognized group classifications. Gender : For the purposes of this discussion, the term gender will include gender orientations as in the case of gay men and lesbians. Nationality: birth or naturalization. Nationality is a political description of place of A sibiya: Social glue (voluntary to coercive). What happened to the ancient and old civilizations? A re all civilizations temporary? What about ours? Is there progress? Why do civilizations seem to “ rise and fall?” Determinism: Causation. Cause and effect models. Dialectic x+ y = z. If you drop a ____, when it hits the ____, it makes_____. Theoretical orientation. Critique: Identification of apparent conflicts and resolving those conflicts Thesis A ntithesis \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / Synthesis In addition there are some concepts that are useful in the discussion of world civilization. Push Factor: Push factors cause individuals or groups to relocate from one place to another. Pull Factor: Pull factors draw individuals or groups to a specific location. Diaspora: Diaspora refers to the (often forced) dispersal of populations from a specific location to several locations throughout the world. POLITICAL SYSTEMS Matriarchical societies and patriarchical societies. Families, bands, and tribes. Hunting and gathering. Horticulture and settled agriculture. Pastoralism, nomadic and semi-nomadic societies. Agriculture and the rise of the state. Monarchy and theocracy. Military organization and civilized life. The nation-state. Oligarchy and democracy. The republic & empire ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Altruism and egalitarian exchange. Agricultural surplus, division of labor, and class divisions. Specialization of labor, labor organization, and production. The role of private property. The concept of monetary capital and capitalism. Class and caste. Trade, mercantilism and economic specializations. TECHNOLOGY Lithic technology and metallurgy. Agriculture, astronomy, religion, and early scientific thought. Water technologies. Agricultural technologies. Architecture. Military technologies. SOCIAL & CULTURAL SYSTEMS Female and male gender roles. Feminist approaches to gender. Homosexualities, heterosexualities, intersexualities, and transgender issues. Religion and religious diversity. Art and literature. Philosophy and reason. Migrations and population movement. Urbanization and social consciousness SOCIAL & CULTURAL SYSTEMS Social justice, and civil rights movements. Ethnic consciousness movements. Gender movements. Generational age cohort. Disability, ability, and social identity. Disease and medicine. WORLD CIVILIZATION IN THE TIME OF PRE-LITERACY 17,000 YEARS BPE Sophisticated hunter-gatherer cultures with diverse toolkits appropriate to their environments and resources. Dogs have been domesticated. Art flourishes. 12,000 YEARS BP AFRICA AMERICAS SAN hunter-gathers Tehuacanos Qadan horticulture (Mexico) (Egypt) Saharan cattle herders (Tassili) ASIA Jarmo Natufian Jericho EUROPE ----------Knossos (olives) Karanovo OCEANA Mammoth cave 7000 BP (5000BC) AFRICA AMERICAS Badarian agriculture Cochise (SWNA) (wheat/barley) (maize) ASIA EUROPE Yangshao Danubian (rice) (wheat) Hacilar Catal Huyuk OCEANA Kuk (yams/taro) 6000 BP (4000BC) Pre-unification Egypt Archaic period Ubaid Unified archaic Egypt Harrapan Narmer/Menes Non Nok Tha Loang Spean Minoan Varna Melanesian expansion 5000 BP (3000BC) AFRICA AMERICAS Old Kingdom Egypt Pyramids Preclassic ASIA EUROPE OCEANA Indus (Kurgan) Battle Axe Ban Chieng Beaker Folk Lungshan Troy Sumer Sargon of Akkad 4000 BP (2000BC) Old Kingdom Egypt Intermediate Period Middle Kingdom Early Olmecs Shang China Hitittes (Iron) Babylonians Aryan Invasions Myceneans Thera Barbarian Invasions Lapita 3000 BP (1000BC) AFRICA Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Late Period Bantu Kingdoms AMERICAS Olmecs Adena Hopewell Anasazi ASIA Assyrians Phoenicians Canaanites Gupta India Han China EUROPE OCEANA Hellenic Greece (Pericles through Alexander) Carthage Etruscans/Rome La Tene/Hallstatt Celts & Germania 2000 BP (1 AD) Ghana Maya China Rome Polynesians WORLD CIVILIZATION THEMES IN WORLD HISTORY Who was the First? The case for Asia - MESOPOTAMIA (Sumer) The case for Africa - EGYPT (Kemet) EMPIRES WAR AGRICULTURE RELIGION GENDER RACE CLASS LABOR ART & LITERATURE African Civilizations The Nile River Valley West Asian Civilizations Mesopotamia & Indus Map of Near East with locations for Nevali Cori and Gobekli Tepe: The Oldest Megalithic Structures. Cro-Magnon Man: The Late Pleistocene Hunter and the first real artists. about 30,000 years ago. Built by hunter-gatherers (no sign of agriculture here). All bones found are wild animal. There is no evidence of inhabitation; the structures are interpreted as temples. After 8,000 BCE, the site was abandoned and purposefully covered up with tons of soil below the hill. Did humans recognize that they had made a big mistake against nature? Segment D is one of the near circular shaped pillared areas in the best condition of Göbekli Tepe. The largest weigh about 50 tons Mesopotamian Civilization The Tigris & Euphrates River Valleys Harappan Civilization The Indus River Valley Asian Civilizations Early China American Civilization North and South America European Civilization Minoan & Mycenean