CONGENITAL CARDIAC DEFECTS
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Transcript CONGENITAL CARDIAC DEFECTS
Chapter 27
Christine Limann Dyer, RN, MSN CPN
Umbilical
vein,
umbilical arteries
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus
Ductus venosus
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Poor
feeding
Tachypnea/tachycardia
Failure to thrive/poor weight gain/activity
intolerance
Developmental delays
Prenatal history
Family history of cardiac disease
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Murmurs
= heart sounds that reflect flow of
blood within the heart
May occur in systole or diastole, or both
Can occur in a normal heart in periods of stress:
anemia, fever, or rapid growth
Can reflect abnormalities in heart or vessels
“Innocent
murmurs” = normal cardiac anatomy
and cardiac function
Occur in up to 50% of all kids at some time
http://depts.washington.edu/physd
x/heart/demo.html
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Chest
x-ray
ECG
Echocardiography
Cardiac
catheterization
Nursing
Responsibilities
Post Catheterization: Monitor pressure dressing in the groin,
heart rate, respirations & blood
pressure
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Signs
& Symptoms:
Inadequate cardiac output
Nursing
Care:
Artificial shunt or pathway created shortly after birth
Prostaglandin (PGE1) given
Numerous surgical repairs (cardiac transplant)
Palliative care measures
Transposition
of
great vessels
Some complex
single-ventricle
defects
ASD
Pulmonary artery
stenosis
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DIAGNOSIS
INTERVENTION
Valvular pulmonic stenosis
Balloon dilation
Recurrent coarctation of aorta
Balloon dilation
Congenital mitral stenosis
Balloon dilation
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Congenital
Anatomic → abnormal function
Acquired
Disease process
Infection
Autoimmune response
Environmental factors
Familial tendencies
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Maternal
Maternal drug use
or environmental = 1% to 2%
Fetal alcohol syndrome—50% have CHD
Maternal illness
Rubella in first 7 weeks of pregnancy → 50% risk of
defects including PDA and pulmonary branch stenosis
CMV, toxoplasmosis, other viral illnesses → cardiac
defects
IDMs (infant of diabetic mother) = 10% risk of CHD
(VSD, cardiomyopathy, TGA most common)
Chromosomal/genetic
Multifactorial
= 10% to 12%
= 85%
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Incidence:
5 to 8 per 1000 live births
About 2 or 3 of these are symptomatic in first
year of life
Major cause of death in first year of life (after
prematurity)
Most common anomaly is VSD
28% of kids with CHD have another recognized
anomaly (trisomy 21, 13, 18, + + + )
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Acyanotic
May become
cyanotic
Cyanotic
May be pink
May develop CHF
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Hemodynamic
characteristics
Increased pulmonary blood flow
Decreased pulmonary blood flow
Obstruction of blood flow out of the heart
Mixed blood flow
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Abnormal
connection between two sides of
heart
Either the septum or the great vessels
Increased
blood volume on right side of heart
Increased pulmonary blood flow
Decreased systemic blood flow
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Atrial
septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
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Coarctation
of the aorta
Aortic stenosis
Pulmonic stenosis
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Tetralogy
of Fallot(T.O.F.)
Tricuspid atresia
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Place in this
Position
During Tet spell
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Transposition
of great vessels
Total anomalous pulmonary venous
connection
Hypoplastic heart syndrome
Right
Left
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Impaired
myocardial function
Tachycardia; fatigue; weakness; restless,
pale, cool extremities; decreased BP;
decreased urine output
Pulmonary
congestion
Tachypnea, dyspnea, respiratory distress,
exercise intolerance, cyanosis
Systemic venous congestion
Peripheral and periorbital edema, weight
gain, ascites, hepatomegaly, neck vein
distention
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Signs
& Symptoms:
Vary with age fluid congestion
Poor feeding & growth, irritability, shortness of
breath, excessive sweating
Nursing
Care:
Positive inotropes (digoxin), diuretics (furosemide),
vasodilators (captopril)
Fluid restriction not often used (only in the worst
cases)
Help
family adjust
to the disorder
Educate family
Help family cope
with effects of the
disorder
Prepare child and
family for surgery
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Open
heart
Closed heart
procedures
Staged procedures
Prepare child and
family for
procedures
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Monitor
vital signs and
A/V pressures
Intra-arterial monitoring
of BP
Intracardiac monitoring
Respiratory needs
Rest, comfort, and pain
management
Fluid management
Progression of activity
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CHF
Dysrhythmias
Decreased
cardiac output syndrome
Decreased peripheral perfusion
Pulmonary changes
Neurologic changes
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Symptoms:
fever, WBCs, pericardial
friction rub, pericardial and pleural effusion
Occurs in immediate postoperative period
Also can occur later (days 7 to 21 postop)
Etiology unknown
Theories of etiology
Viral infection, autoimmune response, reaction
to blood in pericardium
May require pericardiocentesis or pleurocentesis
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Infectious
and inflammatory cardiac disorders
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BE,
IE, or SBE
Streptococci
Staphylococci
Fungal infections
Prophylaxis: 1 hour
before procedures
(IV) or may use PO
in some cases
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RF
Inflammatory disease occurs after group A
β-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis
Infrequently seen in U.S.; big problem in
Third World
Self-limiting
Affects joints, skin, brain, serous surfaces, and
heart
Carditis
Polyarthritis
Erythema marginatum
Subcutaneous nodules
Rheumatic heart disease
Most common complication of RF
Damage to valves as result of RF
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St.
Vitus dance (aka,
chorea) reflects CNS
involvement
Definition: Chorea refers to
sudden, aimless movements
of extremities, involuntary
facial grimaces, speech
disturbances, emotional
lability and muscle
weakness
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
Worse with anxiety and
RnxqqW_nH0k
relieved by rest
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Treatment
of streptococcal
tonsillitis/pharyngitis
Penicillin G—IM x 1
Penicillin V—oral x 10 days
Sulfa—oral x 10 days
Erythromycin (if allergic to above)—oral x 10 days
Treatment
of recurrent RF
Same as above
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IV
IgG
ASA 80-100
mg/kg/day—fever
Then 3-5
mg/kg/day—
antiplatelet
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Primary
= no known cause
Secondary = identifiable cause
Pediatrics: HTN generally secondary to
structural abnormality or underlying
pathology
Renal disease
CV disease
Endocrine or neurologic disorders
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Identify
kids at risk and treat early
Treatment = dietary
If
Restrict intake of cholesterol and fats
no response to diet → Rx
Colestipol (Colestid)
Cholestyramine (Questran)
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Contractibility of
myocardium is impaired
Secondary
cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy
Restrictive
cardiomyopathy
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Treatment
Correct underlying
cause if possible
Often treatment is
aimed at managing CHF
and dysrhythmias
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Digoxin
Diuretics
Beta
blockers, calcium channel blockers
Dobutamine
Nitroprusside
Amrinone
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IV
IgG
Digoxin (Lanoxin)
ACE inhibitors
ASA, NSAIDs
Lasix
Spironolactone (Aldactone)
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Diagnostic
evaluation
ECG
Holter monitoring
Electrophysiologic cardiac catheter
Transesophageal recording
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Signs & Symptoms:
SOB, chest pain, weakness, fatigue, dizziness, leg swelling & fainting
episodes
Nursing Care:
Prostacyclin (Flolan) dilates blood vessels & decreases pulmonary
vascular resistance
Inhaled nitric oxide relaxes pulmonary (not systemic) vessels
Sildenafil (Revatio) decreases pulmonary artery pressures
Bosentan (Tracleer) blocks hormone that causes vasoconstriction
Signs & Symptoms:
A fainting spells (may experience a seizure)
Nursing Care:
Increase sodium & water intake
Fludrocortisione (Florinef)
Beta-blocker
Monitor (frequency, severity & precipitating factors)
Signs
& Symptoms:
fainting, palpitations, seizure or death
Nursing
Care:
Beta-blockers
Pacemaker-defibrillator insertion
Left cardiac sympathetic denervation
Medication compliance
The
nurse who can determine the baseline
rhythm and recognize changes will facilitate the
best outcome for a child with an arrhythmia
Important questions:
Is the rhythm potentially fatal?
Will it alter the cardiac output?
Bradydysrhythmias
AV block
May use pacemaker
Tachydysrhythmias
SVT most common tachydysrhythmia
Treatments
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Orthotopic
transplant
Heterotopic transplant
(piggyback)
Organ donation issues
Nursing considerations
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