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__________ are thought to be similar in composition to Earth's

A) Shooting stars

mantle.

B) Metallic meteorites C) Cosmic gas clouds D) Stony meteorites

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The fact that __________ is good evidence for a solidified, inner core.

A) S waves do not pass directly through the core. B) P waves are faster in the inner core than in the outer core. C) S waves are slower in the inner core than in the outer core. D) S waves are focused at the center of the P-wave shadow zone.

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Dense forms of __________ are probably major components of the inner core.

A) solid iron silicates and magnesium silicates B ) crystalline iron and nickel C) liquid iron-nickel-sulfur alloy D) solidified uranium and other very heavy elements

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• • • •

The __________ of the Earth does not transmit S waves.

A) outer mantle B) inner crust C) outer core D) deep mantle

0% 0% 0% 0% A ) o ut er m an tle B ) i nn er c ru st C ) o ut er c or e D ) d ee p m an tle

• • • •

The __________ is the seismic discontinuity that forms the boundary between the crust and

A) Mojo

mantle.

B) Moto C) Mogo D) Moho

A ) M oj o 0% 0% 0% 0% B ) M ot o C ) M og o D ) M oh o

• • • • The __________ of the Earth is enriched in the elements silicon, potassium, sodium, and aluminum compared to the most common types of stony meteorites.

A) inner core B) outer core C) mantle D) crust

0% 0% 0% A ) i nn er c or e B ) o ut er c or e C ) m an tle 0% D ) c ru st

A shallow-focus earthquake occurs directly under the South Pole. A seismic station at • • • • the North Pole would receive __________.

A) S waves from this quake but not P waves B) both P and S waves from this quake separated in arrival times by two minutes C) neither P waves nor S waves from the quake

0% 0% 0% 0%

D) P waves from this quake, but no S waves would be detected

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• • • •

Geologically, __________ are actually submerged parts of the continents.

A) coastal guyots B) continental shelves C) continental trenches D) abyssal plains

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Seamounts __________.

• • • • A) are a special type of oceanic trench B) are volcanoes that form on the ocean floor C) form only in the Pacific Ocean basin D) are submarine canyons found near Australia

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The gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline toward the deep ocean is termed the __________.

• • • • A) continental shelf B) continental slope C) continental rise D) submarine canyon

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Where in the oceans are biological communities thriving without sunlight?

• • • • A) in shallow water, coral reefs B) in muds of deep ocean trenches C) around seafloor, hot spring vents D) around fissure vents for flood basalts

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• • • • Which one of the following statements concerning submarine canyons is not true?

A) They extend from the continental shelf to the base of the continental slope. B) They channel turbidity currents down the continental slope to deeper waters. C) They generally conned across the continental shelf to specific river valleys on land. D) They were cut by streams and rivers during the Pleistocene when sea level had dropped to the base of the continental slope.

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• • • •

All of the following are layers that comprise oceanic crust except for __________.

A) pillow basalts B) sheeted dike complexes C) turbidites D) gabbro

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C ) t ur bi di te s D ) g ab br o

• • • •

The concept that rocks of the crust and upper mantle are floating in gravitational balance is known as

A) isotropy

__________.

B) isostasy C) isobration D) isomonism

0% 0% 0% 0% A ) i so tr op y B ) i so st as y C ) i so br at io n D ) i so m on is m

Which of the following best describes the geology of the Pacific coastal regions of • • • • western North America including Alaska?

A) An earlier, continental margin broke apart and the geologically similar fragments were tectonically reassembled. B) Geologically different, microcontinent-sized fragments and terranes, formed elsewhere, were tectonically accreted to North America. C) A massive subcontinent of old igneous and metamorphic rocks (similar to India) was accreted during late Proterozoic time.

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D) Tightly folded, continental shelf strata were squeezed between North America and the convergent, Bering Siberian subcontinent.

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• • • • A(n) __________ is a thick accumulation of sediments and small, tectonic blocks formed of material scraped off a descending, lithospheric plate.

A) mass movement complex B) continental shelf, terrain complex C) accretionary wedge complex D) subterranean accumulation complex

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• • • • How were the Ural Mountains (Russia) formed?

A) Large, fault blocks of Archean igneous and metamorphic rocks rose as the former Asian and European plates joined to form Eurasia. B) Marine strata in a basin between the former Asian and European plates were squeezed, folded, and uplifted as the two joined to form the Eurasian plate. C) Active, normal faulting is elevating large, mountain blocks above the level of the vast plains on both sides of the range. D) An active volcanic arc, similar to the present-day Aleutian Islands, rose along the southern edge of the Eurasian plate.

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• • • • The ranges of the central and southern Rocky Mountains

__________.

A) generally contain thick sections of highly folded, Paleozoic, marine strata B) developed in response to a continent-continent collision C) are uplifted, blocks that typically have cores of Proterozoic igneous and metamorphic rocks D) the Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks were elevated and compressed into tight folds; but the deeper, harder rocks of the continental crust were pulled apart by tensional stresses

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• • • • The Sierra Nevada, CA, and Teton, WY ranges are examples of

__________.

A) fault blocks uplifted by late Tertiary to Quaternary normal faulting B) folding, compression, and thickening of Paleozoic strata in Jurassic time C) isostatic uplift of crust overthickened in early Paleozoic time D) uplifted blocks bounded by Quaternary reverse faults

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A seismic gap is

1.

2.

3.

4.

a region where no seismic activity occurs. the point of rupture of stressed rocks deep in the Earth.

a method of predicting seismic sea waves a segment of a seismically active fault along which no large earthquakes have occurred recently.

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.

The force per unit area or volume tending to change conditions.

1. Stress 2. Strength 3. Shear 4. Strain

0% 0% 0% 0% S tr es s S tr en gt h S he ar S tr ai n

A) B) C) D)

The principle of stratigraphic superposition states that:

in any sequence of sedimentary strata, the order in which he strata were deposited from the bottom up.

older strata are truncated by erosion before younger strata are deposited.

fine deposits overlie coarser units. strata were deposited as horizontal layers.

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Two sample from the same geologic material were dated as 4.5 X 10 7 years old and 4.6X10

4 years old. The age dates are :

1. Concordant 2. Discordant

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Which is not necessary for the formation of economic occurrences

1. geochemical transformation

of oil?

2. plant source materials 3. rapid burial 4. reservoir rocks

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• • • • Which major component of detrital sedimentary rocks only rarely occurs as a primary mineral in igneous rocks?

A) clays B) carbonates C) quartz D) ferromagnesian minerals 0% 0% 0% 0% A ) c la ys B ) c ar bo na te s D C ) f ) q er ua ro rt m z ag ne si an m ...

• • • • Compaction is a very important part of the lithification process for which of the following sediments?

A) gravel B) sand C) mud D) cobble

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• • • •

What is probably the single most important, original, depositional feature in sedimentary rocks?

A) sizes of the sand grains B) degree of lithification C) bedding or stratification

0% 0% 0% 0%

D) compaction of the mud and clay

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• • • • Which of the following sedimentary rocks would you expect to have originally been deposited by fast-moving streams?

A) mudstone B) oolitic limestone C) graywacke D) conglomerate

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• • • • Which of the following forms at the highest grade of regional metamorphism?

A) hornfels B) schist C) slate D) phyllite

0% 0% A ) h or nf el s B ) s ch is t 0% 0% C ) s la te D ) p hy lli te

• • • •

Which of the following statements concerning slate is not true?

A) forms from shales and mudstones B) has abundant, coarse-grained mica C) rock cleavage is common D) sedimentary features may be visible

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• • • •

Which statement concerning sedimentary rocks is not true

A) They may contain fossils that provide clues about ancient life forms. B) They probably show some evidence of stratification. C) They were originally deposited at depth below the bottom of the sea.

D) They are composed of particles and constituents derived from weathering and erosion of other rocks.

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• • • • __________ is a strong, parallel alignment of coarse mica flakes and/or of different mineral bands in a metamorphic rock.

A) Rock cleavage B) Foliation C) Stress streaking D) Marbleizing

0% 0% 0% 0% A ) R oc k cl ea va ge B ) F ol ia C tio n ) S tr es s st re ak in g D ) M ar bl ei zi ng

• • • • Which of the following best describes the conditions of contact metamorphism?

A) Pressures are very high, the rock is deeply buried, and temperatures are raised by the Earth's internal heat. B) Pressures are fairly low, the rock is in the upper part of the crust, and heat is supplied from a nearby magma body. C) Heat is generated by shearing and mechanical movements along faults. D) Depths are fairly shallow, but temperatures and pressures are so high that the rocks begin to partially melt.

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