Transcript Poultry Nutrition and Feed Ingredients What and Why

Poultry Nutrition and Feed
Ingredients
What and Why
Dr. Park Waldroup
Novus International Distinguished Professor
NCIFAP Feb. 12-13, 2007
Fayetteville AR
Nutrient requirements of chickens are
well known
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Easy animal to study
Small numbers needed
Fast growth rate and short life span
Close relationship between poultry
scientists and the poultry industry has
meant rapid transfer of knowledge
Transfer of research results to industry implementation has
been extremely rapid in the poultry industry
Basic Approach to Feed
Formulation
• Establish nutrient specifications to be met
• Determine ingredients available for use
• Establish limitations on ingredient usage
– Quantity available
– Physical factors
– Antinutritive factors
• Blend ingredients under the limitations imposed
to provide required nutrients for optimal
economic performance
Nutrient needs of poultry well known
Metabolizable energy
1400 kcal
Magnesium
600 mg
Arginine
1.25 %
Copper
8 mg
Glycine + Serine
1.25 %
Iodine
0.35 mg
Histidine
0.35 %
Iron
80 mg
Isoleucine
0.80 %
Manganese
60 mg
Lysine
1.20 %
Selenium
Methionine
0.50 %
Zinc
Methionine + cystine
0.90 %
Vitamin A
1500 IU
Phenylalanine
0.72 %
Vitamin D
200 ICU
Phenylalanine + tyrosine
0.72 %
Vitamin E
10 IU
Proline
0.60 %
Vitamin K
0.50 mg
Threonine
0.80 %
Vitamin B12
0.01 mg
Tryptophan
0.20 %
Biotin
0.15 mg
Valine
0.90 %
Choline
1300 mg
Linoleic acid
1.00 %
Folacin
0.55 mg
Calcium
1.00 %
Niacin
35 mg
Phosphorus
0.45%
Pantothenic Acid
10 mg
Sodium
0.20 %
Pyridoxine
3.5 mg
Chlorine
0.20%
Riboflavin
3.6 mg
Potassium
0.30 %
Thiamin
1.80 mg
0.15 mg
40 mg
Complete vitamin mixes used
Metabolizable energy
1400 kcal
Magnesium
600 mg
Arginine
1.25 %
Copper
8 mg
Glycine + Serine
1.25 %
Iodine
0.35 mg
Histidine
0.35 %
Iron
80 mg
Isoleucine
0.80 %
Manganese
60 mg
Lysine
1.20 %
Selenium
Methionine
0.50 %
Zinc
Methionine + cystine
0.90 %
Vitamin A
1500 IU
Phenylalanine
0.72 %
Vitamin D
200 ICU
Phenylalanine + tyrosine
0.72 %
Vitamin E
10 IU
Proline
0.60 %
Vitamin K
0.50 mg
Threonine
0.80 %
Vitamin B12
0.01 mg
Tryptophan
0.20 %
Biotin
0.15 mg
Valine
0.90 %
Choline
1300 mg
Linoleic acid
1.00 %
Folacin
0.55 mg
Calcium
1.00 %
Niacin
35 mg
Phosphorus
0.45%
Pantothenic Acid
10 mg
Sodium
0.20 %
Pyridoxine
3.5 mg
Chlorine
0.20%
Riboflavin
3.6 mg
Potassium
0.30 %
Thiamin
1.80 mg
0.15 mg
40 mg
Trace mineral mixes provide microminerals
Metabolizable energy
1400 kcal
Magnesium
600 mg
Arginine
1.25 %
Copper
8 mg
Glycine + Serine
1.25 %
Iodine
0.35 mg
Histidine
0.35 %
Iron
80 mg
Isoleucine
0.80 %
Manganese
60 mg
Lysine
1.20 %
Selenium
Methionine
0.50 %
Zinc
Methionine + cystine
0.90 %
Vitamin A
1500 IU
Phenylalanine
0.72 %
Vitamin D
200 ICU
Phenylalanine + tyrosine
0.72 %
Vitamin E
10 IU
Proline
0.60 %
Vitamin K
0.50 mg
Threonine
0.80 %
Vitamin B12
0.01 mg
Tryptophan
0.20 %
Biotin
0.15 mg
Valine
0.90 %
Choline
1300 mg
Linoleic acid
1.00 %
Folacin
0.55 mg
Calcium
1.00 %
Niacin
35 mg
Phosphorus
0.45%
Pantothenic Acid
10 mg
Sodium
0.20 %
Pyridoxine
3.5 mg
Chlorine
0.20%
Riboflavin
3.6 mg
Potassium
0.30 %
Thiamin
1.80 mg
0.15 mg
40 mg
Many nutrients always present in adequate amounts
Metabolizable energy
1400 kcal
Magnesium
600 mg
Arginine
1.25 %
Copper
8 mg
Glycine + Serine
1.25 %
Iodine
0.35 mg
Histidine
0.35 %
Iron
80 mg
Isoleucine
0.80 %
Manganese
60 mg
Lysine
1.20 %
Selenium
Methionine
0.50 %
Zinc
Methionine + cystine
0.90 %
Vitamin A
1500 IU
Phenylalanine
0.72 %
Vitamin D
200 ICU
Phenylalanine + tyrosine
0.72 %
Vitamin E
10 IU
Proline
0.60 %
Vitamin K
0.50 mg
Threonine
0.80 %
Vitamin B12
0.01 mg
Tryptophan
0.20 %
Biotin
0.15 mg
Valine
0.90 %
Choline
1300 mg
Linoleic acid
1.00 %
Folacin
0.55 mg
Calcium
1.00 %
Niacin
35 mg
Phosphorus
0.45%
Pantothenic Acid
10 mg
Sodium
0.20 %
Pyridoxine
3.5 mg
Chlorine
0.20%
Riboflavin
3.6 mg
Potassium
0.30 %
Thiamin
1.80 mg
0.15 mg
40 mg
Ten key nutrients must be considered
Metabolizable energy
1400 kcal
Arginine
1.25 %
Lysine
1.20 %
Methionine
0.50 %
Methionine + cystine
0.90 %
Threonine
0.80 %
Tryptophan
0.20 %
Calcium
1.00 %
Phosphorus
0.45%
Sodium
0.20 %
Who sets the standards for poultry feeds?
• In many countries, feed is sold to farmers. In
most of these countries a government agency
sets minimum nutrient standards that are
designed to “protect” the farmer and are usually
much higher than the bird needs.
• In an integrated system feed is not “sold” and
the company sets its own standards regarding
nutrient level and ingredient quality.
Variation in Nutrient Content of
Broiler Starter Diets Among 160
Poultry Complexes
LOW
MEAN
HIGH
ME KCAL/LB
1311
1394
1435
CP/1400
20.77
22.87
25.00
LYS/1400
1.20
1.32
1.48
TSAA/1400
0.89
1.01
1.12
What do chickens need in their diet?
• Well balanced protein source.
• Grains, grain byproducts, and fat or oil
for energy.
• A source of digestible phosphorus free
from contaminants such as Fl or Va.
• Essential minerals such as Ca and Na
along with many trace minerals.
• Essential vitamins from natural
ingredients or from chemical synthesis.
Relative energy value of major grains
and Major
grain
byproducts
for poultry
Sources for Poultry
Grain
100
Corn
98
Sorghum
87
Wheat
79
Barley
89
Rice Bran
39
Wheat bran
83
DDGS
0
20
40
60
80
Relative energy value
100
120
CerealU.S.
grainCereal
usage for
various
purposes
grain
usage
(2002)(2002)
Amount used (million bushels)
Food
Alcohol
Industrial
Seed
Feed
2,026
20
5,864
Sorghum
22
1
230
Barley
164
8
88
Oats
59
13
148
Corn
Source: Feed Situation and Outlook Yearbook, ERS
U.S. Corn used for ethanol
production (millions of bushels)
U.S. Ethanol Production
(millions of gallons)
Major Protein Sources for Poultry
Plant proteins
% CP
Animal proteins
% CP
Soybean meal
47.5
Meat-bone meal
51.6
Canola meal
34.8
Fish meal
50-70
Cottonseed meal 41.0
Poultry byproduct
59.5
Sunflower meal
36.8
Feather meal
82.0
Peanut meal
49.0
Processed feeds and quantity fed in U.S. (2002)
Processed feeds
1,000 metric tons
Soybean meal
30,007
Cottonseed meal
2,441
Linseed meal
149
Peanut meal
155
Sunflower meal
232
Canola meal
1,236
Tankage and meat meal
1,740
Fish meal and solubles
223
Milk products
281
Corn gluten feed and meal
2,525
Wheat millfeeds
6,159
Rice millfeeds
Miscellaneous byproduct feeds
Source: Feed Situation and Outlook Yearbook, ERS
625
1,521
Supplemental ingredients
• Inedible fats from rendering, vegetable oil
processing, restaurants and fast-food chains
provide high energy for diets.
• Pure amino acid supplements enable the
reduction in crude protein in the diet by providing
a more balanced protein.
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Methionine
Lysine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Typical U.S. Broiler Diet
Ingredient
Lb/ ton
Yellow Corn
1300.00
Soybean meal
500.00
Animal protein source
Inedible fat supplement
100.00
65.00
Defluorinated phosphate
Limestone
8.00
10.00
Salt
8.00
Vitamin premix
2.00
Trace mineral mix
1.00
Methionine supplement
5.00
Lysine supplement
1.00
MAJOR FEED ADDITIVES
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Anticoccidial drugs
Antibiotics for growth promotion
Antibiotics for disease control
Arsenicals for growth promotion and
enhancement of anticoccidial drugs
• HORMONES ARE NOT FED!!!!!!!!!!!
Feed Additive Usage in Poultry Feeds
Survey of 112 poultry complexes
Additive
Number
Percent
None
19
16.9
Antibiotic alone
48
42.8
Arsenical alone
11
9.8
Antibiotic + Arsenical
34
30.3
Total Antibiotic usage
82
73.2
Total arsenical usage
45
40.2
Source: Agri-Stats, November 2006
Nutrition and the Environment
• Poultry industry characterized by large
numbers of animals in a concentrated
area.
• Much of the poultry production is located
in areas with poor agronomic properties
• Results in excess nutrients in broiler
excreta for land application
Nutrition and the Environment
• Phosphorus excretion can be reduced by use of
phytase enzymes and more closely adhering to
minimum phosphorus needs. About 80-85% of
US broiler diets use phytase
• Nitrogen excretion can be reduced by greater
supplementation with synthetic amino acids and
blending protein sources. This is not without
cost and may reduce performance.
• Excretion of trace minerals such as Zn or Cu can
be reduced by more costly organic forms of
these minerals.
Biofuel production may significantly
impact poultry feeding
• Increase in ethanol production will remove
significant amount of corn from feed pool
– Residual DDGS have reduced energy value for
broilers and poor protein quality
– Modifications to use more of the corn value for
ethanol and biodiesel will further reduce DDGS value
• Increase in biodiesel will remove considerable
amount of inedible fats
– Glycerine byproduct has energy value similar to corn
but much less energy than do fats and oils