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The American Nation
Chapter 19
The New West, 1865–1914
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
The American Nation
Chapter 19: The New West, 1865–1914
Section 1:
Indian Peoples of the Great Plains
Section 2:
Mining and Railroading
Section 3:
The Cattle Kingdom
Section 4:
Indian Peoples in Retreat
Section 5:
Farming
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Indian Peoples of the Great Plains
Chapter 19, Section 1
• What was life like for the Plains Indians?
• Why did the Plains Indians follow herds of
buffalo?
• How did the roles of men and women differ in
the Plains Indian society?
The Plains Indians
Chapter 19, Section 1
•
•
•
•
•
•
Many different Native American nations lived on the Great
Plains.
Some nations had lived on the Plains for hundreds of years.
Others were newcomers.
Plains Indians had a variety of cultures. Most cultures had
well-organized religions and warrior societies.
Each nation had its own language.
Most Plains Indians were farmers who lived in semi-permanent
villages. They sent out hunting parties.
Spaniards had brought horses to the Americas in the late
1400s. When the Plains Indians acquired horses during the
1600s, their way of life changed. They used horses while
hunting, moving their villages, or raiding other villages. Some
Indians left their semi-permanent villages and lived their lives
following buffalo.
Following Buffalo
Chapter 19, Section 1
• Some groups of Indians lived their lives following
great herds of buffalo. They lived in tepees, or tents
made by stretching buffalo skins on tall poles. They
carried their tepees from one place to another on a
travois, or sled pulled by a dog or horse.
• There were different ways to hunt buffalo. In one
method, hunters drove a herd of buffalo into a corral,
or enclosure. There they killed the trapped buffalo.
• Plains Indians depended on buffalo for food, clothing,
and shelter. They dried buffalo meat and called it
jerky. Hides were tanned to make sleeping robes and
tepee covers, and buffalo fur was woven into coarse
cloth that became the outer covering for a tepee.
Roles of Women and Men
Chapter 19, Section 1
Each tribe had its own way of defining men’s and women’s roles.
Women
• Oversaw life in the home,
gathered food, and prepared
meals
• Made the tepees, raised the
tepees, and took them down
• Cared for children and taught
them traditions
• Made such necessary items
as baskets and blankets—a
woman’s skill in crafts
determined her rank in
society
Men
• Hunted
• Protected the women,
children, and elders
• Passed on their skills and
knowledge to the boys
• Supervised the spiritual life of
the community
• Provided military
leadership—a man’s ability as
a warrior earned respect from
other members of his nation
Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 1
Plains Indians followed buffalo herds because
a) the buffalo provided their food, clothing, and shelter.
b) the pursuit brought them into contact with other Indian nations.
c) horses followed the buffalo herds, so it gave Indians an opportunity to
capture horses.
d) the buffalo knew where the best crops were.
In Plains Indian life, the people most likely to be responsible for making
tepees, taking them down, and putting them up as the group moved from
place to place were
a) men.
b) women.
c) children.
d) elders.
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Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 1
Plains Indians followed buffalo herds because
a) the buffalo provided their food, clothing, and shelter.
b) the pursuit brought them into contact with other Indian nations.
c) horses followed the buffalo herds, so it gave Indians an opportunity to
capture horses.
d) the buffalo knew where the best crops were.
In Plains Indian life, the people most likely to be responsible for making
tepees, taking them down, and putting them up as the group moved from
place to place were
a) men.
b) women.
c) children.
d) elders.
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Mining and Railroading
Chapter 19, Section 2
• How did the boom in gold and silver change
the West?
• What problems arose on the mining frontier?
• How did railroads help the West develop?
A Boom in Gold and Silver
Chapter 19, Section 2
1859
• Gold was struck in Washoe Valley in the Sierra Nevada. The
strike became known as the Comstock Lode, named after Henry
Comstock, a miner. A lode is a rich vein of gold or silver.
• At the Comstock Lode, heavy blue sand clogged the device used
for separating out the gold. The blue sand turned out to be
loaded with silver.
• Miners found valuable ore in Montana and Idaho. Others found
such ore in Colorado.
1870s
• Gold was struck in the Black Hills of South Dakota.
Late
1890s
• Gold strikes occurred in Alaska.
A Boom in Gold and Silver
Chapter 19, Section 2
Gold or Silver Strike
Miners arrive and build a tent city
Merchants arrive to supply miners
Wood-frame structures replace tents
Boomtown
Gold or silver production falls
Miners move on
Stores close and merchants leave
Town is abandoned
Ghost Town
Problems on the Mining Frontier
Chapter 19, Section 2
•
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Mines and towns polluted clear mountain streams. Miners cut
down forests. They also forced Native Americans from the land.
Foreign miners were often treated unfairly. Mobs sometimes drove
them from their claims. Some were heavily taxed or left to work
claims abandoned by others.
Few miners became rich. Eventually, most western mining was
taken over by large companies. Individual miners were replaced
by paid laborers who worked for the large companies rather than
for themselves.
Lawlessness and disorder often accompanied the rapid growth of
a mining town. In response, miners sometimes organized groups
of vigilantes, or self-appointed law enforcers. A common
punishment was lynching.
Sometimes, vigilantes took political control of an area. However,
informal methods of governing gradually gave way to more formal
arrangements.
Railroads Help Develop the West
Chapter 19, Section 2
First transcontinental railroad
• A transcontinental railroad is one that stretches across a continent from
coast to coast.
• The Union Pacific ran westward from Omaha, Nebraska. The Central
Pacific ran eastward from Sacramento, California. The two lines met at
Promontory, Utah.
• The federal government aided railroad building by giving subsidies to
railroad companies. A subsidy is financial aid or a land grant from the
government.
• Thousands of immigrants, especially workers from China and Ireland, built
the transcontinental railroad.
Railroads promoted growth
• Railroads brought people, supplies, and mail into the West. They carried
heavy loads of ore eastward.
• Towns sprang up along the tracks.
• The largest towns and cities developed where major rail lines met or
where sea and land transportation met.
• Other cities grew where cattle trails met the railroads.
Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 2
Towns grew up in the West wherever what group of people replaced the tent
cities of the miners with their wood-frame buildings?
a) farmers
b) cattle ranchers
c) merchants
d) railroad workers
Congress helped the railroad companies by
a) paying thousands of immigrants to work on the railroads.
b) loaning the railroad companies money and giving them land.
c) building railroad towns where the workers could live.
d) planning cities wherever rail lines met.
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Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 2
Towns grew up in the West wherever what group of people replaced the tent
cities of the miners with their wood-frame buildings?
a) farmers
b) cattle ranchers
c) merchants
d) railroad workers
Congress helped the railroad companies by
a) paying thousands of immigrants to work on the railroads.
b) loaning the railroad companies money and giving them land.
c) building railroad towns where the workers could live.
d) planning cities wherever rail lines met.
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The Cattle Kingdom
Chapter 19, Section 3
• What was the Cattle Kingdom?
• What was life like for a cowhand?
• Why were cow towns important during the
cattle boom?
The Cattle Kingdom
Chapter 19, Section 3
• Wild cattle known as longhorns roamed freely
across the plains of Texas.
• After the Civil War, the demand for beef
increased. People in the growing cities of the
East, miners, railroad crews, farmers, and the
growing communities of the West all added to the
demand for meat.
• Texas ranchers began rounding up herds of
longhorns. Then, they drove the animals
hundreds of miles north to the railroad lines on
trips called cattle drives. Cattle drives took place
over routes called cattle trails.
The Life of a Cowhand
Chapter 19, Section 3
• American cowhands learned about riding, roping, and
branding from Spanish and Mexican vaqueros—skilled
riders who herded cattle on ranches in Mexico, California,
and the Southwest.
• The gear used by American cowhands was modeled after
the gear used by vaqueros—a leather lariat, a hat like a
Spanish sombrero, and leather chaps.
• Work on a cattle drive was hot, dirty, tiring, and often
boring. The day was long—up to 18 hours. Cowhands faced
many dangers, including prairie dog holes, rattlesnakes,
fierce storms, raging grass fires, and attacks from cattle
thieves.
• One of a cowhand’s worst fears was a stampede.
• Cowhands usually earned low wages.
Cow Towns
Chapter 19, Section 3
Cattle drives ended in cow towns such as Abilene,
Wichita, Caldwell, and Dodge City, that had sprung
up along the railroad lines.
Cow towns had
• great pens in which to keep cattle.
• dance halls, saloons, hotels, and restaurants.
• settlers who wanted to build a real community.
• doctors, barbers, artisans, bankers, and
merchants.
• a general store and churches.
Railroads, Cattle Trails, and Mining Centers
Chapter 19, Section 3
Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 3
After the Civil War, the demand for beef increased because
a) people began to eat in restaurants more often.
b) Mexico began to import American beef.
c) people had been eating fish, but after the war, meat became more
popular.
d) the populations of eastern cities and western communities were
growing.
American cowhands learned about riding, roping, and branding from
a) Hawaiian paniolos.
b) Spanish and Mexican vaqueros.
c) mounted Confederate troops.
d) Plains Indians.
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Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 3
After the Civil War, the demand for beef increased because
a) people began to eat in restaurants more often.
b) Mexico began to import American beef.
c) people had been eating fish, but after the war, meat became more
popular.
d) the populations of eastern cities and western communities were
growing.
American cowhands learned about riding, roping, and branding from
a) Hawaiian paniolos.
b) Spanish and Mexican vaqueros.
c) mounted Confederate troops.
d) Plains Indians.
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Indian Peoples in Retreat
Chapter 19, Section 4
• What promises did the government make to
Indians?
• Why did buffalo begin to disappear?
• How was the movement west a major factor in
the end of the Indian way of life?
• Why did reformers fail?
Promises to Native Americans
Chapter 19, Section 4
Fort Laramie
Treaty
• In 1851, officials met with Indian nations near Fort
Laramie, Wyoming, and asked them to stay in a limited
area. In return, the U.S. government promised money,
animals, tools, and other goods.
• Officials told the Indians that the lands reserved for them
would be theirs forever.
• In 1858, gold was discovered at Pikes Peak—on land
promised to Cheyennes and Arapahos. Miners rushed in
and officials forced the Indians to give up the land.
• Some Indians refused and attacked white settlers.
The Chivington
Massacre
• In 1864, Colonel John Chivington led his militia against a
Cheyenne village. The Indians raised a white flag of
surrender and the United States flag. Chivington ignored
the flags and slaughtered men, women, and children.
• The brutality of the Chivington Massacre outraged
people across the country.
Promises to Native Americans
Chapter 19, Section 4
The peace
commission
• In 1867, the government established a peace
commission to end the wars on the Plains. The
commission urged Native Americans to settle down and
farm as whites did.
• The commission urged Indian children to attend white
schools.
Reservations
• In 1867, southern Plains Indians signed a new treaty.
They moved to Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma.
• Many northern Plains Indians agreed to live on
reservations in present-day South Dakota.
The End of the Buffalo
Chapter 19, Section 4
Huge herds of buffalo lived between the Mississippi River and
the Rocky Mountains. The herds diminished for several
reasons.
• Disease, drought, and destruction of the areas in which
they lived caused the herds to shrink.
• During the 1830s and 1840s, buffalo robes became popular.
Professional buffalo hunters killed many buffalo for their
skins.
• Buffalo hunting became a popular sport where railroads cut
through the areas in which the animals lived.
• Indian peoples hunted buffalo much more efficiently.
The End of the Indian Way of Life
Chapter 19, Section 4
Settlers and miners continued to move into the West. Their
way of life brought an end to the Indians’ traditional way of life.
Custer’s Last
Stand
• In 1874, gold was discovered on the Lakota reservation
in the Black Hills region. Miners rushed in.
• Led by Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and other Lakota
chiefs, the Indians fought back.
• In June 1876, to protect the miners, Colonel George
Custer led soldiers into the Little Bighorn Valley.
• Nearly 2,000 Lakota warriors attacked Custer’s troops.
Custer and all his men were killed.
• The United States Army eventually defeated the
Lakotas and Cheyennes. The Lakotas gave up most of
their claims to the Black Hills.
The End of the Indian Way of Life
Chapter 19, Section 4
Chief Joseph and • The Nez Percés lived in the Snake River valley where
the Nez Percés
Oregon, Washington, and Idaho meet. In 1855, some
Nez Percés signed a treaty giving up some of their
lands.
• Gold strikes brought miners onto Nez Percé land.
• The government ordered the Nez Percés onto a
reservation. Nez Percés who hadn’t signed the treaty
refused. Led by Chief Joseph, many fled to Canada.
• Army troops followed the fleeing Nez Percés. Finally,
Chief Joseph decided he must surrender. After a
journey of more than 1,000 miles, nearly half of his
people had died.
Apache Wars
In the Southwest, the Apaches resisted giving up their
lands. One leader, Geronimo, waged war off and on for 10
years. From Mexico, he led raids into Arizona and New
Mexico. His surrender marked the end of the Wars for the
West.
The End of the Indian Way of Life
Chapter 19, Section 4
Reformers Fail to Help Native Americans
Chapter 19, Section 4
Reformers Spoke Out
• Susette La Flesche, daughter of an Omaha chief, wrote and
lectured about the destruction of the Native American way of life.
• Helen Hunt Jackson published A Century of Dishonor, telling the
story of broken treaties.
The Dawes Act
• In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Act. It encouraged Native
Americans to become farmers. Some tribal lands were divided up
and given to individual Native American families.
• The act was unsuccessful. To Native Americans, land was meant
to be an open place for riding and hunting. As a result, Indians
often sold their share of land for low prices.
• The federal government took away the power of Indian leaders
and appointed government agents to make decisions instead.
Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 4
In the Fort Laramie Treaty, the government promised Native Americans that
certain lands would be theirs forever. That promise was broken because
a) Native Americans refused to accept the agreement.
b) the buffalo herds were shrinking on those lands, and the Indians no
longer wanted to live there.
c) gold was discovered and the miners and settlers who rushed in
demanded protection from the Indians.
d) the railroad was built across those lands.
One reason the great buffalo herds disappeared was because
a) they moved farther north, into Canada.
b) after Indians were forced onto reservations, there was no longer any
reason for such large herds of buffalo.
c) along rail lines, hunters shot buffalo for sport.
d) Native American nations competed to see which could kill the most
buffalo.
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Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 4
In the Fort Laramie Treaty, the government promised Native Americans that
certain lands would be theirs forever. That promise was broken because
a) Native Americans refused to accept the agreement.
b) the buffalo herds were shrinking on those lands, and the Indians no
longer wanted to live there.
c) gold was discovered and the miners and settlers who rushed in
demanded protection from the Indians.
d) the railroad was built across those lands.
One reason the great buffalo herds disappeared was because
a) they moved farther north, into Canada.
b) after Indians were forced onto reservations, there was no longer any
reason for such large herds of buffalo.
c) along rail lines, hunters shot buffalo for sport.
d) Native American nations competed to see which could kill the most
buffalo.
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Farming
Chapter 19, Section 5
• Why did farmers and other settlers move
west?
• What was the Oklahoma land rush?
• Why was life hard for Plains farmers?
• Why did farmers help form the Populist
Party?
Farmers Move West
Chapter 19, Section 5
In 1862, Congress passed the Homestead Act. The law promised 160 acres of
free land to anyone who paid a small fee and farmed the land for five years.
Immigrants and
easterners
These people rushed to accept the offer of free land. They planted
wheat and corn. By 1900, half a million Americans had set up
farms under the Homestead Act.
Exodusters
African Americans joined the rush for homestead land. In 1879, a
group of African Americans moved to Kansas. They called
themselves Exodusters. Between 40,000 and 70,000 African
Americans had moved to Kansas by 1881.
Los Mexicanos
The Southwest already had a large Spanish-speaking population,
many the descendants of people who were there before the
Mexican War. Spanish-speaking southwesterners called
themselves Mexicanos. White Americans were known as Anglos.
As Anglos gained the best jobs and land, some Mexicanos formed
organizations such as the Hispanic-American Alliance (1894) to
protect their rights.
The Oklahoma Land Rush
Chapter 19, Section 5
• As free land elsewhere began to disappear, the federal
government forced some Indian nations in Oklahoma
to sell their land so it could be homesteaded.
• The government announced that farmers could claim
free homesteads in Oklahoma, but they could not
stake their claims until exactly noon on April 22, 1889.
• On the appointed day, as many as 100,000 people
lined up at the Oklahoma border. At noon, a gunshot
rang out. People charged into Oklahoma. However,
some people had sneaked in sooner and staked out
the best land.
Lives of Plains Farmers
Chapter 19, Section 5
Wood Was
Scarce
People were forced to build houses of sod—soil held together by
grass roots. These sod houses leaked when it rained.
Sodbusting
The soil was covered with a layer of thick sod that could crack wood or
iron plows. In 1877, a new steel plow allowed sodbusters, or Plains
farmers, to cut through the sod.
Plains climate
When too little rain fell, crops died. In summer, grass fires traveled
swiftly across the plains, and swarms of grasshoppers ate everything
in their path. In winter, deep snows buried farm animals and trapped
families inside their homes.
Women on the
Plains
Women made clothing, soap, candles, and other goods by hand. They
preserved food. Most schoolteachers were women. Because pioneer
families usually lived miles apart, they looked forward to church
services and social events.
An unexpected
problem
Before long, farmers began to sell huge amounts of wheat and corn.
The more they sold, the more prices plunged. When wheat prices fell,
farmers could not repay their debts.
Farmers Begin to Work Together
Chapter 19, Section 5
The Grange
• In 1867, farmers formed the National Grange. Grangers
worked to boost farm profits and reduce the rates they paid
railroads for shipping their grain.
• Grangers set up cooperatives, where groups of farmers
pooled their money to buy seeds and tools wholesale.
Wholesale means buying or selling something in large
quantities at lower prices.
• Grange leaders urged farmers to vote only for candidates
who supported their aims.
Farmers’
Alliance
• The Farmers’ Alliance organized in the 1870s.
• They also set up cooperatives and warehouses.
• The Farmers’ Alliance spread from Texas through the
South and into the Plains states.
• Alliance leaders tried to join with factory workers and
miners who were angry about how they were treated.
The Populists
Chapter 19, Section 5
In 1892, farmers and labor unions joined together to form the Populist party.
Populist
goals
• Populists demanded that the government help raise farm
prices and regulate railroad rates.
• They called for an income tax, an eight-hour workday, and
limits on immigration.
• They demanded “free silver,” which meant that they
wanted all the silver that was mined to be turned into
money. They said free silver would increase the money
supply, which would make it easier for farmers to repay
debts. Eastern bankers and factory owners argued that
increasing the money supply would cause inflation, or
increased prices.
The Populists
Chapter 19, Section 5
Populist and
the Election
of 1896
• Populists influence grew. In 1892, the Populist candidate
for President won a million votes. In 1894, the Populists
elected six senators and seven representatives.
• In 1896, the Populists nominated William Jennings Bryan
for President. He believed that the nation needed to
increase the supply of money.
• Democrats and Populists supported Bryan. Bankers and
business people supported the Republican candidate,
William McKinley.
The end of
the Populists
party
• Bryan narrowly lost the election. The Populist party broke
up soon after. One reason was that the Democrats adopted
several Populists causes. Also, good times returned, and
people worried less about railroad rates and free silver.
Section 5 Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 5
Because there was so little wood on the Plains, many farmers built their
homes out of
a) brick.
b) adobe.
c) cement.
d) sod.
Farmers formed the National Grange, which helped them by setting up
a) cooperatives where the farmers pooled their money to buy large
quantities of seeds and tools at low prices.
b) banks that farmers could count on to loan them money when crops
failed.
c) a political party that would nominate candidates who understood farm
problems.
d) a bigger money supply so farmers could pay their debts.
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Section 5 Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 5
Because there was so little wood on the Plains, many farmers built their
homes out of
a) brick.
b) adobe.
c) cement.
d) sod.
Farmers formed the National Grange, which helped them by setting up
a) cooperatives where the farmers pooled their money to buy large
quantities of seeds and tools at low prices.
b) banks that farmers could count on to loan them money when crops
failed.
c) a political party that would nominate candidates who understood farm
problems.
d) a bigger money supply so farmers could pay their debts.
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