Early Flight
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Transcript Early Flight
World War I
The War to End All Wars
Chapter Four
Why Did War Begin?
Reasons for war
– Alliance system in Europe
– Imperialistic objectives
– Militarism
– Nationalism
Devotion to one’s nation and a desire to secure one’s
national interests over the interests of other nations
Own national agenda competed
– Economically
– Diplomatically
– Militarily
Why Did War Begin?
Assassination of heir to Austria-Hungary
– Austria-Hungary blames Serbia
– Declares war on Serbia
Germany declares war on Russia
– Germany allied with Austria-Hungary
– Germany declares war on Russia
Russia allied with Serbia
– Germany declares war on France
France allies with Russia
– Britain declares war on Germany
Germany invades Belgium
War Begins
Troops moved by:
Train, truck, car, horse, on foot
Aircraft
Observed situation
Reconnaissance
Recorded position and reported
Trench warfare
German Airships & Dirigibles
German Zeppelins
– Pride of German people
– Mostly reconnaissance, occasionally bomb
– Vunerable
Large
Highly visible
Low-flying
Slow-moving
German Airships & Dirigibles
Flew about 250 Army missions
– England first bombed 1915 – Yarmouth
20- 24-hour round trip
Weather over seas
Searchlights
Anti-aircraft guns
Airplanes
Wire nets
Weather/ mechanical problems
– Downed more than enemy
Army dismantled program - 1916
German Airships & Dirigibles
Navy continued program
– Over 1,000 reconnaissance missions
– Couple hundred bombing missions
– Technology increased
– 6 weeks to build
– Cost
80 airships to one battleship
– Required
Large facilities
Large ground crews
German Airship Effectiveness
Army
– Lost 26 of 52 airships
– 52 men
Navy
– Lost 53 of 73 airships
– 389 men
Damage
– 52 raids
– 0ver 500 lives
Effectiveness?
Allied Airships & Dirigibles
France
– All Army at start of war
– Reconnaissance/artillery ranging
– Suspended use for awhile
Instances of damage by friendly fire
Didn’t recognize nationality of airships
– 63 missions/ then transferred to Navy
– Navy
Dirigible division
Protection for naval vessels
37 when war ended
Allied Airships and Dirigibles
British
– Used as naval weapons
– Reconnaissance/surveillance of sea coasts
– Designs based on down German Zeppelins
– 103 airships at war end
Drachen Balloon
Kite balloon
– Tethered to ground or naval vessel
– Direct telephone line with ground
– Very effective
Observation
Sector reconnaissance
Battery ranging
Artillery spotting
Verification of demolition
– Later equipped with parachutes
Balloons
Modified Drachen Balloon
– Barrage Balloon
Linked by horizontal cables
Additional cables dangled
Free Balloons
– Bombs
– Bombsights
– Drift indicators
What damage was done?
Shelters For All !
Night after night during the bombing
raids shleter became very much a
necessity.
The air raid siren would sound - the
children would be woken and
hurriedly ushered from their beds, and
half asleep they would trudge wearily
to the garden to spend yet another
night huddled on some make shift bed
in a dark, damp cold shelter - waiting
for the all clear to sound and praying
that the nearby explosions would not
come any closer.
Raid on Antwerp
Early World War I
Military aircraft
Suitable for reconnaissance and scouting
Bi-planes
Two-seats
Low powered
Limited maneuverability/load-carrying capacity
Aircraft
Germany – 230 airplanes
Russia – 190 airplanes
Austria-Hungary – 110 airplanes
Great Britain – 80 airplanes
United States – 15 airplanes
Aircraft
Germany
15 Army flying schools
Goal of 1,000 airplanes
2 types
Taube - monoplane
Arrow - biplane
Austria-Hungary
Relied on German support
Mixture of monoplanes and biplanes
Aircraft
France
4 military airports
300 airplanes on order
3,500 military aviation personnel
Great Britain
British Royal Flying Corps – 1912
Not state-of-the-art
63 aircraft sent to France
Aircraft
Russia
50 airplanes combat ready
Italy
Small at start of war
Domestic production increased
Combat experience
Italo-Turkish War
Aircraft
United States
Army/Navy
Recruited
Trained
Transported airmen to Europe
Canadian Royal Flying Corps
British Royal Flying Corps
French Foreign Legion
Lafayette Escadrille
Transferred to U.S. Army
Eugene Bullard
First black American military aviator
Early World War I
Strategic Goal - ports on English Channel
Airfields
Created as they moved
“One night stands”
Expansion
Britain expanded the Royal Flying Corps
Wireless officers (Radio operators)
Reconnaissance photos
German development
Maintained dominant aerial position
Pilots carried pistols
Aviation Developments
Aerial Combat
France – first kill
Voisin biplane
Pivoting Hotchkiss machine gun
Shot down German reconnaissance airplane
Bombing
Consisted of small pocket bombs
Enemy trains were prime targets
Aviation Developments
Communications
Dropping message bags
Wireless communication (radios)
One-way
Sent in code
Radio problems
Weight
Danger of fire (sparks from equipment)
Required radio operator
Skilled in Morse Code
Lamps
Grubb reflector
Military Aviation Developments
Aerial Combat
– Pilots carried pistols
– Machine guns mounted on planes
– Hotchkiss Machine gun
Military Aviation Developments
Forward firing
– French pilot
Roland Garros
– Metal deflector plates to propeller blades
– Bullets ricochet off deflector plates
– April 1915
Downed 5 German airplanes
First ace of war
– Shot down
Germans captured airplane
Military Aviation Developments
Forward firing
– Innovation turned over to Anthony Fokker
– Improvement
Machine gun synchronized with propeller
Interrupter gear
– Fokker scourge
Late 1915/Early 1916
– Allies captured German airplane
Aerial Combat
Gentleman’s Warfare
– Classic dogfight
– Fokker scourge
Max Immelman – 16 victories
Oswald Boelke – 40 victories
Manfred von Richthofen
– 80 victories
– Allies
Rene Fonck – France (75 victories)
Edward Mannock – Great Britain (61 victories)
United States?
– Eddie Rickenbacker – 26 victories
Ace
The Red Baron
Ace
Eddie Rickenbacker (American Ace)
“Fighting in the air is not a sport. It is a
scientific murder.”
Aerial Combat
Gentleman’s Warfare
– Pilots dropped message
News of captured, killed, missing
Upcoming bombings
Fighter Planes
– Fly higher
– Climb quicker
– Turn sharper
– Loop, circle, and dive
– Survive and kill
Aerial Combat
New tactics
– Formation flying - 1916
Germany first
Squadrons of up to 10 planes
Mass attacks
“Classic” dogfights declined
April 1917
– Allies lost 83 planes
Military Aviation Developments
Bombing
Artillery spotting
Bomber Still Meant…
Soldier tossing bombs from plane
Enemy Supply Trains main target
Recon to Bombing Missions
Bombers
Sikorsky
Ilya Mourometz (S-22)
Luxury commercial passenger transport
4 engine
Internal bomb bay
Bomb sighting device
Armor added to engines
Defensive weapons
Mythical status
First loss to 4 fighters
3 of 4 destroyed
Ilya Mourometz
German Bombers
Gotha
Unique
Steel used in construction
Fuselage, nacelle, landing gear, wings
German Gotha
Allied Bombers
British
Handley Page
One of largest in world
O/400 Model
Carry 1,650 pound bomb
Deployed in force
Up to 40 in a raid
Night missions
Established first independent Air Force
Royal Air Force
Royal Flying Corps
Royal Navy Air Service
Allied Bombers
France
Breguet XIV
First airplane mass produced
Metal instead of wood in structure
Fast and agile
5,500 produced
Allied Bombers
France
Most bombs dropped during war
Flew en masse
V Formations
3 – 5 planes
Missions involved hundreds
Caudron fighter provided support
Daytime raids
Allied Bombers
United States
None during war
Pilots flew French planes
Suffered heavy losses
Inexperience
Flying Boats/Seaplanes
Patrolled coasts, ports, convoys
Submarines
France
Expanded from 8 planes to over 1,200
Deployed aircraft carrier
Military Aviation Developments
Artillery
– Battle of Neuve Chapelle
– Artillery Spotting
– Wireless Messages
Military Aviation Developments
Communications
– Air to ground communication
– Wireless equipment was too heavy
– Danger of fire
– Airborne radio operator had to know Morse
code
– Signaling by lamps/Grubb reflector
Military Aviation Developments
Forward firing
French pilot Roland Garros
First shoot-down by airplane firing through tractor
propeller
Fokker impovement
Synchronization device
Led to Fokker Scourge
German aces
Immelmann – 16 kills
Boelcke – 40 kills
Von Richthofen – 80 kills
http://www.acepilots.com/wwi/main.html
Military Aviation Developments
Early aircraft resembled Wright Flyer
Fighters
New technology
Formation flying -1916 Germans
Bombers
German - Gotha
French – Breguet XIV
Aircraft Production
War – stimulate to industry
– Demand exceeded prewar capacity
– Government contracts subsidized expansion
Build new wing on factory
Leading airplane producers?
– France
– British
– Germany
– Italy
– U.S.
51,700 airplanes
55,092 airplanes
48,537 airplanes
20,000 airplanes
15,000 airplanes
U.S. Production
Concentrate on one airplane
– De Havilland 4
British gave free use of license
French required royalties
– Avoid confusion
– Employed more than 200,000
– Run by inept people
No experience with aircraft
Contract awarded to companies without experience
Failed to place orders with established companies
Shipped less than 1,400 planes to Europe
U.S. Production
Curtiss
– Produced 5,221 planes
1/3 of U.S. production
JN-4 Jenny trainer
Spruce production
– Propellers/framework
– Lightness and strength
– Allied government relied on spruce
– Wooblies on strike
– Army established Spruce Production Division
Mobilized 25,000 men
U.S. Engine Production
Wanted one engine
– Foreign engines
Not adaptable to machine tool production
All American engine
– Compared designs and performances
– First engine completed on 4 July 1917
– “Free of dependence on foreign engines”
– 24,478 produced/23 engine plants
6,000 to AEF in France
Peace
Armistice – agreement to stop fighting
– Preliminary to peace
Negotiations follow
– Series of agreements (Treaties)
Eastern Front – 8 Nov 1917
Bulgarian/Macedonian Line – 29 Sep 1918
Austria-Hungary – 3 Nov 1918
Germany – 11 Nov 1918
Peacetime Production
War supplies need disappeared
– Governments cancelled:
Existing contracts
Pending orders
High wartime shortage prices
Negotiated settlements
–
–
–
–
–
Workers laid off
Factories closed
Companies out of business
Liquidating unneeded assets
War surplus equipment
Peace
Major peace conference
– Paris Peace Conference
– Big Four Nations attended
France
United States
Italy
Britain
Russia—did not attend
Peace
Treaty of Versailles
– Germany June 1919
Treaty of St-Germain
– Austria
September 1919
Treaty of Neuilly
– Bulgaria
November 1919
Treaty of Trianon
– Hungary
June 1920
Treaties of Sevres and Lausanne
– Ottoman Empire 1920 and 1923
Treaty Of Versailles
15 Parts
– Germany accept responsibility for provoking war
Public humiliation for Germans
– Germany lost:
Land
– 25,000 square miles
Colonies
Money
– Reparations: 132,000 Marks
– Contributed to economic depression
Rights
Freedoms
Alsace and Lorraine to France
Part V. Air Clauses
Harshest terms of treaty
– German restrictions
No naval or military air force of any kind
Max size restrictions of military forces and equipment
Reduction of men, supplies, ships, aircraft
Prohibited conscription/all-volunteer force
– Inter-Allied Commissions of Control received
15,000 airplanes/2,500 airplane motors
30% each to France and Great Britain
15% each to United States and Italy
5% each to Belgium and Japan
Aerial Navigation Clauses
Temporary restrictions on civil aviation
– Open airways to aircraft of Allied and
Associated Powers
– Enforced until 1 Jan 1923
Summary
WW I 1914 – 1918
Airships
Race to the Channel
Military Development
Airplane Production
Treaty of Versailles