Transcript The Great War - Richland County School District Two

The Great War
Grant King
Brittany Nance
It was "The War To End All Wars,"- a senseless slaughter that set the stage
for the bloodiest century in human history.Yet, it was more than just a war
between nations. It was a war between what was and what was to be. The
"old world" was dying, and the new world had yet to be born. People of all
classes and nations saw it as some great cleansing fire that would
accelerate this battle and lead to a better world. But, when it was over, more
than men had died in the mud of the battlefields. The naive dreams of
progress, along with the innocence of the pre-war world, faith in God, and
hope in the future all died in the trenches of Europe.
-Tony Novosel
The Road to World War I
Terms
The Road to World War I
•
Conscription: military draft; established as regular practice in most Western
countries by 1924 [except for U.S and Great Britain]
 armies doubled in size; highly destructive if war came
•
Mobilization: process of assembling troops and supplies and making ready for
war; 1914-considered act of war
ex.) July 1914- Czar Nicholas II ordered Russian army against Austria-Hungary
•
Archduke Franz Ferdinand: heir to Austria-Hungary throne; assassinated June
28, 1914-visited Sarajevo, Bosnia; Black Hand-Serbian terrorist organization
that wanted Bosnia free of Austria-Hungary and to become part of large Serbian
kingdom, planned archduke’s death (throwing bomb at car-failed); Gavrilo
Princip shot both archduke and wife
Austro-Hungarian govt. wished to attack Serbia but feared Russian intervention
on Serb’s behalf
•
Emperor William II: German; he and chancellor responded to AustroHungarian government with a “blank check” giving its full support on Serbian
attack efforts, even if it caused war
 Austria sent ultimatum to Serbia July 23, 1914; made extreme demands; Serbia
rejected to preserve sovereignty
Austria-Hungary declares war
The Road to World War I
•
Czar Nicholas II: Russia-July 28, ordered
partial mobilization of Russian army
against Austria-Hungary; leaders informed
there could not be partial mobilizationplans based on war against Germany and
Austria-Hungary, mobilizing against only
Austria-Hungary would create chaos
among army; Czar ordered full
mobilization of army; July 29-act of war on
Germany as well as Austria-Hungary; also
known as “Blood Nicholas”; inspired
troops by visiting who still did not have
necessary supplies; infamous for “Bloody
Sunday”, Rasputin’s free reign; abdicated
March 1917
•
Triple Alliance: 1882-Germany, Austria-Hungary,
and Italy
“ARTICLE 4. In case a Great Power non-signatory
to the present Treaty should threaten the security of
the states of one of the High Contracting Parties,
and the threatened Party should find itself forced
on that account to make war against it, the two
others bind themselves to observe towards their
Ally a benevolent neutrality. Each of them reserves
to itself, in this case, the right to take part in the
war, if it should see fit, to make common cause
with its Ally.
ARTICLE 5. If the peace of any of the High
Contracting Parties should chance to be
threatened under the circumstances foreseen by the
preceding Articles, the High Contracting Parties
shall take counsel together in ample time as to the
military measures to be taken with a view to
eventual cooperation. They engage henceforward,
in all cases of common participation in a war, to
conclude neither armistice, nor peace, nor treaty,
except by common agreement among themselves.
ARTICLE 7. The present Treaty shall remain in
force during the space of five years, dating from
the day of the exchange of ratifications.”
The Road to World War I
•
Militarism: aggressive preparation for war, military leaders drew up vast and complex
plans for quick mobilization of millions of men and quantities of supplies in the event of
war, feared that any changes in these plans would cause chaos in armed forces; Euro
political leaders had little leeway and were forced to make decisions for military instead
of political reasons; 1900s-growth of armies; heightened tension between Europe states;
armies doubled in size between 1890-1914
*1.3 million men (Russian army)
* 900,000 men (French/German armies)
*250,000-500,00 men (British/Italian/Austro-Hungarian armies)
The Road to World War I
Questions
The Road to World War I
1. Which ethnic groups were left
without nations in Europe before
1914?
Of all the ethnic groups, three
nationalities did not become
nations before 1914. They were
the Slavic minorities and the
Hapsburg Empire in the
Balkans, the Irish in the British
Empire, and the Poles in the
Russian Empire.
2. How did the creation of military
plans help draw the nations of
Europe into World War I?
3. Which decisions made by European
leaders in 1914 led directly to the
outbreak of war?
Militarism, Nationalism, and the
desire to stifle internal dissent
played a role but the response to
another crisis in the Balkans in the
summer of 1914
4. What were the chief domestic
problems confronting European
nations before 1914?
Socialists lead labor movements
and were inclined to use strikes to
achieve their goals and different
ethnic groups wanting their own
nation state.
The War
Terms
The War
•
Propaganda: ideas spread to influence public opinion
for or against a cause-before 1914, many political
leaders thought war involved too many risks others
believed that diplomats could easily control any
situation and prevent war-beginning of Aug. 1914 new
illusions, propaganda; many people convinced war was
justified and believed it wouldn’t last long.
British propaganda leaflet dropped into German trenches by
balloon:
“FOR WHAT ARE YOU FIGHTING, MICHEL?
They tell you that you are fighting for the Fatherland. Have you
ever thought why you are fighting?
You are fighting to glorify Hindenburg, to enrich Krupp. You are
struggling for the Kaiser, the Junkers, and the militarists....
They promise you victory and peace. You poor fools! It was
promised your comrades for more than three years. They have
indeed found peace, deep in the grave, but victory did not come!
It is for the Fatherland.... But what is your Fatherland? Is it the
Crown Prince who offered up 600,000 men at Verdun? Is it
Hindenburg, who with Ludendorff is many kilometers behind the
front lines making more plans to give the English more cannon
fodder? Is it Krupp for whom each year of war means millions
of marks? Is it the Prussian Junkers who still cry over your dead
bodies for more annexations?
No, none of these is the Fatherland. You are the Fatherland....
The whole power of the Western world stands behind England
and France and America! An army of ten million is being
prepared; soon it will come into the battle. Have you thought of
that, Michel?”
The War
•
Trench warfare: warfare conducted through
ditches protected by barbed wire; two lines of
trenches reached from English Channel to
Switzerland; kept both sides in the same
position for four years; trenches dirty, lice
ridden, consisted of rotting bodies and rats;
both sides produced humorous magazines to
pass the time; established a “live and let live”
system-based on realization that neither side
was going to drive out the other, resulted in
arrangements such as not shelling the latrines
and not attacking during breakfast
*Daily life: 30 min. before sunrise,
troops “stand to” (combat ready), if no
attack-ate breakfast
- inspection
-sentry duty
-worked on trenches
-care of personal items
The War
•
•
War of attrition: war based on
wearing the other side down by
constant attacks and heavy losses;
WWI had turned into by 19161917;1916- 700,000 men in 10
months in Verdun, France died over
a few miles of land
Total war: complete mobilization
of resources and soldiers; masses of
men organized (1916 Germany- 5.5
million men) and supplies
manufactured and purchased for
years of combat; increase in
government powers and
manipulation of public opinion to
keep war effort going
•
•
Planned economies: systems
directed by government agencies;
during total war, govt. powers
extended over economies
throughout Europe
 free market capitalistic
systems set aside and set up price,
wage, and rent controls; rationed food
supplies and materials; regulated
imports and exports; took over
transportation systems and industries
Lawrence of Arabia: 1917-British
officer in Middle East; urged Arab
princess to revolt against Ottoman
overlords
 1918-British forces from
Egypt destroyed Ottoman Empire in
Middle East
The War
•
•
•
Admiral Holzendorff: Jan, 1917-Germans eager to break deadlock in war and naval
officers convinced Emperor William II that resuming use of unrestricted submarine
warfare would send British into submission within 6 months, concerned about American
intervention; officers assured emperor that Americans were too unorganized to help
British
Battle of the Marne: Sept. 1914, France-French army under General Michel Maunoury
attacked German army under General Alexander von Kluck, France and Britain able to
prevent German plan for swift victory; Germans were not defeated-successful retreat;
ends hopes for short war; battle lasted 4 days,
-French casualties: 250,000
-British Expeditionary Force casualties: 12,733
Battle of Tannenberg: Aug. 1914, Poland-Russian army under General Alexander
Samsonov (goal: invade Prussia); German army under Generals Paul von Hidenburg and
Enrich Ludendorff; Russian attempt to retreat but cutoff by Germans, only 100,000 of
150,000 Russian soldiers managed to escape slaughter or capture; causes Samsonov’s
suicide; battle lasted 6 days
-German Casualties: 20,000
-Russian P.O.W.: 92,000
The War
•
•
Battle at the Masurain Lakes: Sept. 1914, PolandGerman army under Hindenburg and Ludendorff
attack Russian army under Rennenkampf; battle lasted
6 days-second major Russian defeat
-German casualties:10,000
-Russian casualties:125,000
Feb 1915, Poland-began during heavy snowstorm;
German army under Eichorn attack Russian army
under Plehve; Russain XX Corps surrenders after two
weeks of battle
-Russian casualties: 100,000
-German suffer little losses, most soldiers
suffer from exposure to harsh
cold
Battle at Verdun: Feb. 1916-Dec. 1917, FranceGerman under Chief of Staff of the German Army,
Enrich von Falkenhayn attack French under General
Henri-Philippe Petain; French defenders retreat until
only 8 km from Verdun; Fort Vaux fell June 1916 to
new German attack; combat continued through
summer and fall but scale of attacks reduced by need
to transfer troops to defend Somme frontline; General
Charles Mangin became national hero when forts at
Douavmont and Vaux were recaptured for France by
Nov. 1917; longest battle of WWI lasting 10 months
-French casualties: 550,000
-German casualties:434,000
The War
•
•
Battle of Gallipoli: April 1915- Jan 1916, Dardanelles-British attack Turkish
forts at Darndanelles, abandoned forts;First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston
Churchill-impatient about slow progress and pressured admirals to point of
nervous breakdowns; replaced by Vice Admiral Sir John de Robeck who
immediately ordered fleet advancement up straits
-British casualties:205,000
-ANZAC losses: 33,6000
-French casualties-47,000
-Turkish casualties-250,000
Lusitania: British ocean liner-voyage to Liverpool, England from New York
in May 1915; “floating palace”; thought to be a threat to German authoritiesaccused of carrying ammunition and other war supplies across Atlantic;
captain: Captain William Turner; Walther Schwieger (submarine U20) fired
torpedo; ship sank in 18 min.; credited with U.S. entry into WWI
*Reaons for sinking so quickly- carrying wartime essentials: motercycle
parts, metals, cotton goods, good, 4,200 cases of rifle ammunition, 1,250 cases
of shrapnel, 18 boxes of percussion fuses; possible coal dust explosion
-764 out of 1,959 saved
-94 children and infant fatalities
-123 U.S. citizen fatalites
The War
•
•
Zimmerman Telegram: Jan. 1917-German Foreign
Minister, Arthur Zimmerman sent telegram to Count
von Burnstorff and then to the Imperial Minister in
Mexico informing of the intention to begin
unrestricted submarine warfare in February and
proposing an alliance with Mexico:
“Make war together, make peace together,
generous financial support, and an understanding on
our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory
in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The settlement
detail is left to you.”
Battle at Somme: July 1926, Western Front in
France; French army under Commander in Chief,
Joffre, and British Army Sir Douglas Haig lead joint
attack on German forces in a battle of attrition to
drain German reserves and gain territory; originally
planned mainly French attack but battles in Verdun
turned offensive into large scale British divisionary
attack in which an 8 day preliminary bombardment
that might destroy German defenses; Germans able
to exploit good defensive positions in barbed wire
and concrete bunkers:wiped out 58,000 enemy
soldiers (worse day in British Army history) but
continued attacks; Nov-Great Britain captured
fortress at Beaumont Hamel but harsh weather
causes end to battle that lasted 4 months
-British casualties:420,000
-French casualties:200,000
-German casualties:500,000
The War
•
Battle of Ypres: Oct. 1914, Belgium-Taken by German army at
beginning of war; British Expeditionary Force (BEF) able to
recapture; German attempt to recover-BEF suffers heavy losses;
attacks continue but arrival of French army and bad weather cause
Germans abandon Ypres by late Nov.
-German casualties:135,000
-BEF casualties:75,000
April 1915-German launched another major attack on Ypres; after
brief preliminary bombardment, used chlorine gas against French
and Algerian soldiers; troops fled-left a 7km gap in the Allied line;
wearing primitive gas-masks, Germans advanced into gap; arrival
of British army blocked German advance but the Allied forces had
been disadvantaged by the loss of the high ground north of town;
fighting and gas attacks continued until May; Allied line held, but
the German army was able to use new higher positions to bombard
town with heavy artillery- inflicted heavy losses; town nearly
demolished by German shells
July-Nov 1917-German army under Hubert Gough makes third
attack on British army under Hubert Plumer and French army; 10
day preliminary bombardment, with 3,000 guns firing 4.25 million
shells; flooding caused by British bombing of drainage systems
made it impossible for the infantry and the use of tanks; Hiag calls
off attacks temporarily until Sept. in which Hiag calls unsuccessful
attacks caused by German use of mustard gas; late Nov-town
finally taken by British and Canadian infantry
-BEF casualties: 310,000
The War
Questions
The War
1. Why did World War I require total warfare?
Many thought the war would be short but many
battle losses and heavy casualties showed no sign
of slowing and the requirement of more weapons,
food, and other supplies drove many countries
deeper into war.
2. What methods did governments use to create
enthusiasm so war, and counter opposition to the
war at home?
Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary used
force to subdue their populations. British
parliament created DORA(Defiance of the
Realm) which allowed the government to arrest
protesters as traitors, and censor newspapers and
wartime governments used propaganda to
“brainwash” civilians into believing the war was
a justified cause.
3. Which government powers increased during the war?
They gained total control over economics.
Governments set up price, wage, and rent
controls. They also rationed food supplies and
materials, regulated imports and exports, and
took over transportation systems and industries.
By 1926, civilian morals were beginning to crack
under pressure of total war. To fight the growing
oppostition, the government manipulated society
by posting war supporting posters such as one
recruiting poster containing a small daughter
asking her father, “Daddy, what did YOU do in
the Great War?”.
4. How did the war effect women’s rights and the
role of women in society?
Women now had jobs that weren’t available to
them before. Women replaced men fighting in
the war in factories producing war supplies.
When the men returned they had lost their jobs,
650,000 were unemployed in Great Britain and
those still employed had low wages. In some
countries such as in Germany, Austria, and the
U.S., women in wartime received voting rights
immediately after the war and British women
gained the right in 1918.
5. Which events brought the United States into the
war?
U.S. involvement grew out of the naval war
between Germany and Great Britain after
Germany introduced unrestricted submarine
warfare and the destruction of the Lustania
which killed over 100 Americans. Unrestricted
submarine warfare had been stopped to avoid
antagonizing the U.S. but started up once again
inevitably brought the U.S. into the war
6. How did soldiers try to make life in the trenches
bearable?
Both sides produced humor magazines devoting
certain issues to defining military terms. The
“live and let live” system, both sides agreed to
not attack during breakfast or shell the latrines,
was arranged.
The Russian Revolution
Terms
The Russian Revolution
•
•
Soviets: councils composed of
representatives from the workers and
soldiers; sprang up in army units,
factory towns, and rural areas; largely
made up of socialists; represented
radical interests of lower classes
-Soviet of Petrograd formed
March 1917
War communism: government control
of banks and most industries, seizing
grain from peasants, and centralization
of state administration under
Communist control; Russia 1921Communist’s vision of new social
order-able to translate revolutionary
faith into instruments of powerrevolutionary terror, began Red Terror:
aimed at destruction of all who opposed
new regimen just as the Reign of Terror
in French Revolution
•
•
Grifori Rasputin: uneducated Siberian
peasant who claimed to be a holy man;
gained Romanov trust of Alexandra by
stopping the bleeding of son who had
hemophilia; interfered with government
affairs and caused great damage, series
of military and economic disasters
caused Russian peoples intervention;
assassinated Dec. 1916; credited with
bringing the end Romanov dynasty
Alexander Kerensky: head of
provisional government, decided to
carry on war to preserve Russia’s
honor; satisfied neither worker nor
peasant-tired and angry form years of
suffering and wanted end to war
The Russian Revolution
•
•
Bolsheviks: began as small fraction of Marxist party called Russian Social Democrats; leaderVladimir Ilyich Ulianov (V.I. Lenin); dedicated to violent revolution because only violence could
destroy capitalist system; “vanguard”: small party of well-disciplined professional revolutionists;
reflected discontent of people, promised end to war, redistributing of all land to peasants, transfer of
factories and industries form capitalists to committees of workers, and transfer of government power
from provisional govt. to soviets; by Oct. made up majority of Petrograd and Moscow soviets-from
50,000 to240,000; seized Winter Palace and overthrew government in Nov.; renamed Communists;
gained total power over Russia by 1921 through conquering civil wars with Red Army and murdering
of the royal family
Lenin: Vladamire Ivich Ulianov-leader of Bolsheviks Communist party that seized dominant power
in Russian in the nineteen teens; March 1917-once provisional government was formed, saw
opportunity for seize of power; April 1917- German military leaders shipped him to Russia hoping to
create disorder and to prevent ideals from infecting Germany; March 1918- signed Treaty of BrestLitovsk with Germany giving up eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and Baltic provinces; promised
peace that did not come to Russian people
The Russian Revolution
•
•
Trotsky: Leon Trotsky- commisionar of war;
organizational genius; organized and disciplined
Red Army; reinstated draft and insisted on rigid
disipline: soldiers who deserted or refused to obey
orders were executed on the spot
Petrograd: formerly St. Petersburg; beginning of
March 1917- government started bread rationing
in city after price skyrocketed causing woman-led
strikes among the working class, 10,000 women
marched through city demanding peace, bread,
and end to Autocracy; soon joined by other
workers together called for general strike; many
troops refused to break up crowd and joined strike
shut down all factories in entire city on
March,10
•
•
Ukraine: land lost to Germany during Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk; attacked Red Army with White
Army in southwest and Baltic regions and
advanced to Moscow before being stopped
Siberia: first threat to Communist forces; White
force attacked westward and advanced almost to
Volga River before being stopped
The Russian Revolution
Questions
The Russian Revolution
1. What were the main causes of the Russian
Revolution?
-Czar Nicholas II allowed an
uneducated fake, Rasputin, to make
government, military, and economic
decisions while he was away at war;
the March in Petrograd by working
class women for bread rationing, the
abdication of Nicholas II, and the rise
of the Bolshevik Communists and
Lenin.
2. How did World War I contribute to the
Revolution?
-Russia was unprepared both militarily
and technologically for total warfare of
WWI, had no competent military
leaders, and Czar Nicholas II took
charge of armed forces despite lack of
ability and training. Russian industry
was unable to produce weapons for the
armies, soldiers trained using
broomsticks and were sent to the
frontlines without rifles and told to
pick up one from a dead soldier.
3. How did the presence of Allied troops in
Russia ultimately help the
Communists?
-It helped the Communists to appeal to
the force of Russian patriotism. At one
point over 100,000 foreign troops were
stationed in Russia in support of antiCommunist forces, their presence made
it easy for the Communist government
to call on patriotic Russians to fight
foreign attempts to control the country.
4. What steps did the Communists take to
turn Russia into a centralized state
dominated by a single party?
-The use of a policy of war
communism which was used to ensure
regular supplies for the Red Army. To
have this control, the Communists
gained control of banks and most
industries, the seizing of grain from
peasant farmers and the centralization
of state administration under
Communist rule. The Cheka Red secret
police began to Red Terror and added
the element of fear to the regimen.
The End of the War
Terms
The End of the War
•
•
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Armistice: true or agreement to end fighting; Germanywithdrawal of Russians = new hope for successful end to war;
American troops pouring into war fronts and Allied forces
began advancement towards Germany; Sept. 1918-General
Ludendorff informed leaders that war was lost and demanded
that govt. ask for peace; Allies unwilling to make peace;
reforms begun to create liberal government; Nov.- sailors in
Kiel, Germany mutiny and within days councils of workers
and soldiers forming, taking over civilian and military offices;
Social Democrats under Friedrich Ebert announce creation of
democratic republic
 German government signs armistice two days later
Reparation: payments made to the victors (winners) by the
vanquished (losers) to cover the costs of a war; after
surrender, Germany stripped of all weapons and made vast
payments to cover all costs of the war to France ( Georges
Clemenceau), and a separate Rhineland as a buffer state
between France and Germany
Mandate: nation governed by another nation on behalf of the
League of Nations; as a result of the war, the treaty of
Versailles, and other separate peace treaties, new nations
emerged out of German, Russian, and Austro-Hungarian
territory- Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary were formed; as result
of compromises, almost every eastern Euro sate was left with
ethnic minorities which could lead to later conflicts; Ottoman
Empire broken up but promised recognition of independence
of Arab sates in empire
The End of the War
•
•
Erich von Ludendorff: guided German
military operations in the west to break
military stalemate; attack March 1918, by
April troops within 50 miles of Paris;
advance stopped at Second Battle of the
Marne in July; French, Moroccan, and
newly arrived American soldiers supported
by hundreds of tanks and caused German
retreat back to Marne; Sept.
1918Ludendorff informed German leaders
that war was lost and to seek peace
because of high numbers of American
troops pouring into battle fields
Friedrich Ebert: leader of Social
Democrats; announced creation of
democratic republic
•
David Lloyd George and Georges
Clemenceau: prime minister of Great
Britain; won elections at Paris Peace
Conference in Dec. 1918, platform:make
Germans pay for war; most important
decisions at Conference made by himself,
Clemenceau, and Wilson; created League
of Nations: Allied powers (U.S. , France,
Great Britain, and Italy): Wilson-world
organization preventing future wars,
Clemenceau-compromised obtaining
guarantees for French security, gave up
France’s wish for separate Rhineland and
accepted defensive alliance with G.B. and
U.S.
The End of the War
•
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points: basis for peace settlement that he believed
justified enormous military struggle, presented to U.S. Congress Feb.. 1917;
proposed for justified, lasting peace and open peace agreements rather than
secret diplomacy; reducing military forces or weapons to a “point consistent
with domestic safety”; ensuring self-determination; WWI:people’s war against
“ absolute and militarism” which were enemies to liberty and should be
eliminated by creating democratic governments; became spokes person for
new world order based on democracy and international cooperation
“ It is a war against all nations. American ships have been sunk, American
lives taken, in ways which it has stirred us very deeply to learn of, but the ships
and people of other neutral and friendly nations have been sunk and
overwhelmed in the waters in the same way. There has been no discrimination.
The challenge is to all mankind. Each nation must decide for itself how it will
meet it. The choice we make for ourselves must be made with a moderation of
counsel and a temperateness of judgment befitting our character and our
motives as a nation. We must put excited feeling away. Our motive will not be
revenge or the victorious assertion of the physical might of the nation, but only
the vindication of right, of human right, of which we are only a single
champion”
The End of the War
•
Second Battle of the Marne: summer 1918, France-German army under
Erich von Ludendorff attack French army under Commander-in-Chief HenriPhilippe Petain; French army weak due to poor shape of soldiers and lack of
British support; Germans unable to break through and Petain able to set up
counter attack including support from Italy, Great Britain, 24 divisions of the
French army, and over 85,000 American troops; July- Germans withdrawal:
last real attempt by Central Powers to win WWI
-German casualties: 168,000
-French casualties: 95,000
-British casualties: 13,000
-U.S. casualties: 12,000
The End of the War
Questions
The End of the War
1. What were the most important provisions
to the Treaty of Versailles?
-There was peace. Germany had to
pay reparations for damage to Allied
governments. They also had to
reduce their army to a hundred
thousand men, cut back their navy,
and eliminate their air force. France
regained Alsace and Lorraine.
2. Why was the mandate system created?
Which countries became mandates?
Who governed them?
-It was created because Woodrow
Wilson apposed the outright
annexation of colonial territories by
the Allies. Iraq, Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Finland, Estonia,
Latvia, and Lithuania were the
mandate countries and were
governed by Austria-Hungary,
Germany, Russia, Ottoman Empire,
and Bulgaria.
3. Compare and contrast Woodrow Wilson’s
Fourteen Points to the Treaty of
Versailles.
-Both worked toward peace. Wilson
wanted peace agreements open and
public, not secret. The Fourteen Points;
France wanted Germany to give up
their weapons but in the Treaty of
Versailles, Germany was stripped of its
air force.
The Impact of the Great War
Questions
The Impact of the Great War
1. How many people, both military and
civilian, were killed or wounded on
both sides?
-Almost 10 million people in World
War 1
2. What was the monetary costs of the war for
both sides?
-It cost the Allied Powers
$125,960,477,000 and $60,643,160,000
for the Central Powers
3. What innovations in military warfare
occurred during World War 1?
-Trench warfare was introduced, war of
attrition based on wearing the other
side down by constant attacks and
heavy losses.
4. How did the slaughter of WW1 affect
British, French, and German painters?
-Absolute Truth showed paintings of
battlefields and what had really
happened.
5. How did the slaughter affect poets and
writers?
-Their subjects were more morbid and
involving the perspective of a soldier
such as: How to Die by Siegfried
Sassoon, Anthem for a Doomed Youth by
Wilfred Owen, The Happy Warrior by
Hubert Read, and Before Action by W.N.
Hodgson.
6. What was the impact of the war on the
French environment?
7. How did the Great War contribute to the
rise of an international movement of
Pacifism?
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Works Cited
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http://www.pitt.edu/~pugachev/greatwar/ww1.html
http://www.worldwar1.com/foto/sbb013.jpg
http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1914m/tripally.html
http://www.siprep.org/faculty/bphilhour/images/russia-Czar-Nicholas-II.jpg
http://www.worldwar1.com/foto/fww0097.jpg
http://www.hapmoore.com/images/july03/posters.jpg
http://www.lib.edu/~rdh/wwi/1915/propleaf.html
http://www.worldwar1.com/docpre.htm
http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/chapters/index.html
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/truth.html
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWmarne.htm
http://www.spartacus.schoonet.co.uk.FWWtannenburg.htm
http://www.waidev2.com/php/IMAGES/HC_ThisDayInHistory/249---Image_large.jpg
http://w3.westernfrontassociation.com/thegreatwar/articles/timeline/masurian1.htm
http://w3.westernfrontassociation.com/thegreatwar/articles/timeline/masurian2.htm
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWverdun.htm
http://www.worldwar1.com/maps/mapgal.jpg
http://www.jaganaud.de/sunkensteamers/images/lus_5.jpg
http://www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/bibl/mil/ww1/technika/uboot/lusitania.jpg
http://home.online.no/~hahaakon/images/LUSI3.jpg
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1914warpoets.html
Works Cited
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http://www.pittstate.edu/services/scied/Staff/Shoberg/History/wwi/zimmer.htm
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWsomme.htm
http://freepages.military.rootsweb.com/~hoddy/kit.jpg
http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~cjmorton/service/ww1/ypres/images/ypres_map.gif
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ENCrussia.JPG
http://www.comboutique.com/shop/products/inprint_small/USR1089/20050705205500_cheguevara-soviet-union-flag-posterflag-4001883.jpg
http://www.stel.ru/museum/lenin_museum_images/russian_revolution_soldiers.jpg
http://www.insc.anl.gov/pwrmaps/map/ukraine.png
http://www.yale.edu/annals/Steinberg/Images/Steinberg02.JPG
http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/chapters/ch4_overview.html
http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/chapters/index.html
http://www.geneastar.org/img/cel/ludendorff.jpg
http://www.dasrotewien.at/bilder/Ebert_Friedrich_TF_HOCH_FriedrichEbertStiftung.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/16/LloydGeorge.JPG
http://www.tallarmeniantale.com/pics/clemenceau.JPG
http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1917/wilswarm.html
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWmarne2.htm
http://www.supertravelnet.com/map/1/159_8046_6.jpg
http://www.randomfate.net/MT/wp-content/images/WWI-BW.jpg